Respiratory

Question 1

Treatment for an aspergillosis infection

Answer 1

Clotrimazole (65% 1 treatment/87% multiple - Topical/systemic)
Itraconazole (60-70% success)
Ketoconazole (40-60%)

Question 2

Cryptococcus

Answer 2

Yeast/fungus - occurs in nasal cavities/sinuses/ lungs of cats
Can widely disseminate
Pigions considered a vector
About 20% of the time there is ocular/CNS involvement
PAS stain is useful for diagnosis

Question 3

Cryptococcus diagnosis & treatment

Answer 3

Swab or an FNA of a mass
PAS stain
Latex agglutination - detecting antigen
Treatment: Fluconazole (better)
Itraconazole

Question 4

4 differentials for sneezing in cats

Answer 4

Upper respiratory tract infection (Viral etc) ->
Mycotic infection
Nasal polyp
Foreign body

Question 5

Upper respiratory tract infections in cats that are common are:

Answer 5

FHV1 
calicivirus
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Chlamydiophila felis
Mycoplasmas

Question 6

How do I tell the difference?
FHV1
calicivirus
Chlamydiophila felis

Answer 6

Calicivirus has stomatitis

Herpes & chlamydia will have conjunctivitis, but with herpes you can also get corneal ulcerations

Question 7

Feline Herpes 1 Drugs

Answer 7

Famciclovir
Interferon
L-lysine

Question 8

Drugs used to treat secondary bacterial upper reps tract infections in cats.

Answer 8

Doxycylicine (broad-spectrum antibiotic of the tetracycline group, long half-life)
Beta-lactams(Amoxicilin, Clavamox)

Question 9

Two common cat vaccines for a upper respiratory infection

Answer 9

FHV1 Calicivirus (still can shed after)

Question 10

Differentials for coughing puppy

Answer 10

Canine infectious Tracheobronchitis
Collapsed trachea
Foreign body
Bronchopneumonia

Question 11

4 causes of canine infectious Tracheobronchitis

Answer 11

Canine Adenovirus
Bordetella bronchoseptica
Canine Parainfluenza
Canine respiratory coronavirus
(Dry, hacking, paroxysmal cough most common sign  & May have nasal discharge (purulent))

Question 12

Treatment for canine infectious Tracheobronchitis

Answer 12

Clavamox, Doxycycline
Antitussives if non-productive cough (Butorphanol, Hydrocodone)
Possibly bronchodilators

Question 13

Prevention for canine infectious Tracheobronchitis

Answer 13

Bordetella bronchoseptica & parainfluenza vaccine +/- canine adenovirus

Question 14

What if cough persists for more than 1-2 weeks?

Answer 14

Thoracic rads
CBC
Airway sampling
\+/- infectious disease testing
(can be a secondary bacterial infection)

Question 15

Acute dyspnea in a cat with gray MM - differentials?

Answer 15

Asthma
Heart disease (HCM, heart failure)
Airway parasites (lungworms, heartworms)
Neoplasia
Pneumonia

Question 16

Heart disease v.s Asthma in a case of acute dyspnea

Answer 16

Heart disease - low temp, murmur

Asthma - wheeze & coughing

Question 17

Radiographic findings on a cat with bronchial disease

Answer 17

Bronchiole pattern: donuts
mucus plugs (nodules)
atelectasis
air trapping (areas of increased lucency)

Question 18

NT-proBNP

Answer 18

Tests for N-terminal pro-brain naturitic peptide. This is high during heart failure, pulmonary hypertension, volume overload etc and especially HCM

Question 19

Acute treatment for asthma

Answer 19

O2
Bronchodilator
IV catheter
Gentle handling

Question 20

Long-term treatment for asthma

Answer 20

corticosteroids
prednisone or prenisilone
Fluticazone
Bronchodilators: Salbutamol or albulerol
Cyproheptadine (for appetite, but also asthma)

Question 21

Salbutamol

Answer 21

Salbutamol: a synthetic compound related to aspirin, used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of asthma and other conditions involving constriction of the airways

Question 22

Treatment for chronic bronchitis in dogs (everything else ruled out)

Answer 22

Corticosteroids
Weight loss
Cough suppressants if non-productive
Bronchodilators (B2 = salbutemol), theophyline

Question 23

Pulmonary paranchymal disease

Answer 23

Pneumonia (aspiration, viral, bacterial fungal)

Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy

Question 24

pneumonia - findings on rads, white blood cell types

Answer 24

interstitial to alveolar radiographic pattern
tends to be ventral (or right middle lung lobe)
Neutrophilia common
Hypoxemia common

Question 25

Common pathogens causing pneumonia

Answer 25

e.coli
staph & strep
pasteurella
Bordetella

Question 26

Antibiotic selection for pneumonia

Answer 26

Mild: amoxicillin (+/- clavulanic acid), ampicillin, cephalexin/cefazolin (1st generation cephlosporins)
Severe: add a fluoroquinolone (e.g. enroflocaxin) or amino glycoside
Long course (4-6 weeks)

Question 27

Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy

Answer 27

Pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophils
Hypersensitivity?
Tied to heartworms/lungworms/construction sites
Thick opaque fluid with eosiniophils mostly but some neutrophils and basophils
Treatment: corticosteroids & fenbendazole (benzimadazole)

Question 28

bronchovesicular sounds

Answer 28

full inspiratory phase with a shortened and softer expiratory phase

Question 29

Fungal lung diseases in dogs

Answer 29

Blastomyces
Histoplasma capsulatum (south)
Coccidiodes immitus (south)

Question 30

Blastomyces

Answer 30

Pulmonary infection is most common
Lymph nodes, skin, bones, subQ, eyes
Looks like neoplasia on rads
Can find with rads, sampling, urine antigen EIA,
Treat with itraconazole, short term corticosteroids, probably need for 12 weeks (4 weeks after loss of rad signs)

Question 31

Thymoma

Answer 31

from thymic epithelium
often large breed female dogs
cranial mediastinum
Tied to myesthenia gravis