Urology

Question 1

Pyuria

Answer 1

the presence of pus in the urine, typically from bacterial infection.

Question 2

Bacteriuria

Answer 2

the presence of bacteria in the urine.

Question 3

Drugs to use for a UTI based on bacteria

Answer 3

Gram – : TMS, enrofloxacin
 Gram + : ampicillin, amoxicilline, amox-acide
clavulanique

Question 4

What parts make up a stone?

Answer 4

Nidus (centre), stone, shell, crystal surface.

Question 5

Stones that form at an acidic pH

Answer 5

Calcium Oxalate
Acid Uric
Cysteine
Silicate

Question 6

Stones that form at an alkaline pH

Answer 6

Struvite
Calcium Phosphate
Ammonium Urate

Question 7

Breeds & stones:
Calcium oxalate stones
Urate
Cysteine

Answer 7

◦  Calcium oxalate stones = Schnauzers
◦  Urate stones = Dalmatians and English
Bulldogs
◦  Cystine stones = Dachshunds, Basset
Hounds, Tibetan Spaniels, English Bulldogs, Yorkshire Terriers, Irish Terriers, Chihuahuas, Mastiffs, and Rottweilers

Question 8

What disease predispose to ammonium urate stones?

Answer 8

Hepatic disease

Question 9

What type of stones is predisposed by the presence of UTI?

Answer 9

Struvite

Question 10

What stones can you dissolve?

Answer 10

You can dissolve struvite (99%) & urate (low %) if they are in the bladder - can take up to 2 months though
Sometimes cystine

Question 11

What diet dissolves struvite?

Answer 11

Markedly restricted in P, Ca, magnesium diet ◦ High salt content

Question 12

How do you prevent calcium oxalate stones?

Answer 12

Water (++) -> USG < 1.020
Potassium citrate
Thiozide diuretics
non-acidic fruits & vegetables

Question 13

Treatment for Urethral incompetence

Answer 13

Alpha adrenergic agonist treatment (phenylpropanolamine) effective in males and females
Also: Females: Diethylstilbestrol & Estriol

Question 14

Nerves to bladder

Answer 14

Somatic - pudendal
Sympathetic - Hypogastric
Parasympatehtic - Pelvic Nerve

Question 15

Ectopic ureters treatment

Answer 15

Surgery, lazer removal

Question 16

Reflex Dyssynergia

Answer 16

occurs when there is incoordination of the normal micturition reflex; this is believed to result from overdischarge of sympathetic nerve impulses to the urethral sphincter, resulting in a failure of urethral relaxation during detrusor contraction. Animals with neurogenic incontinence may leak urine (LMN) and/or develop overflow incontinence due to dribbling of urine associated with bladder overdistension (any neurogenic cause).

Question 17

Reflex Dyssynergia - treatments

Answer 17

Phenoxybenzamine (alpha adrenergic blocker)
 Diazepam (muscle relaxant) or phenoxybenzamine
or both if urine stream is intermittent or narrowed
 Betanechol (cholinergic agent)
 Side effects: salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation