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respiratory system year 1 > respiratory anatomy > Flashcards

respiratory anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

superior thoracic aperture

A

the opening at the top of the thoracic cavity
anatomically - thoracic inlet
clinically - thoracic outlet

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2
Q

what is the superior thoracic aperture bounded by

A
  1. T1 posteriorly
  2. 1st pair of ribs laterally
  3. costal cartilage of the 1st rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly
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3
Q

what is the inferior thoracic aperture bounded by

A
  1. T12 posteriorly
  2. 11th and 12th pair of ribs laterally
  3. costal cartilage of ribs 7-10 and the xiphisternal joint anteriorly
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4
Q

how it the rib cage separated from the peritoneal cavity

A

the thoraco-abdominal cavity

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5
Q

define diaphragm

A

fibromuscular membrane stretched across the midline of the body

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6
Q

the head of the rib articulates with …

A

the body of the thoracic vertebra of the same number AND the body of the vertebra above at the costovertebral joints (synovial plane)

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7
Q

the tubercle of the rib articulates with …

A

the transverse process of the thoracic vertebra of the same number at the costotransverse joint (synovial plane)

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8
Q

describe the shape of the 1st rib

A

broad and flat

surfaces look up and downward

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9
Q

describe the head of the 1st rib

A

possesses only a single articular facet (most have 2) for articulation with the body of T1

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10
Q

describe the upper surface of the body of the 1st rib

A

marked by 2 shallow grooves
separated by the scalene tubercle (attachment of the anterior scalene muscle)
anterior groove lodges the subclavian vein and the posterior groove for the subclavian artery and the lowest trunk of the brachial plexus

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11
Q

what are the 3 peripheral attachments of the diaphragm

A
  1. lumbar vertebrae and arcuate ligaments
  2. costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
  3. xiphoid process of the sternum
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12
Q

what is the central attachment of the diaphragm

A

central tendon

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13
Q

describe the parts of the diaphragm that arise from the vertebrae

A

they are tendinous in structure and are known as the R and L crura

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14
Q

right crus

A

arises from L1-L3
some fibres of the right crus surround the oesophageal opening and help prevent reflux of gastric contents back into the oesophagus

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15
Q

left crus

A

arises from L1-L2 and their intervertebral discs

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16
Q

what happens during inspiration to the diaphragm

A

insp: contracts and descends, domes flatten, increases the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity

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17
Q

how many openings are there in the diaphragm and what are these known as

A

3 hiatuses

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18
Q

where are the diaphragm hiatuses located

A

T8, T10, T12

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19
Q

T8 diaphragm hiatus

A

caval opening passes through the central tendon of the diaphragm
transmits the IVC and the R phrenic nerve from the abdomen into the thorax (tendon can’t contract and impede blood flow)

20
Q

T10 diaphragm hiatus

A

oesophageal hiatus
located through the muscular sling of the R crus
transmits the oesophagus and both vagus nerves

21
Q

T12 diaphragm hiatus

A

aortic hiatus
between the R and L crus
transmits the aorta, azygos veins, hemiazygos vein and thoracic duct

22
Q

phrenic nerve roots

A

anterior rami of C3,4 (mainly) and C5

it is both motor and sensory

23
Q

what are the motor functions of the phrenic nerve

A

pierces and innervates the diaphragm from its anterior surface

24
Q

what are the sensory functions of the phrenic nerve

A

supplies the central part of the diaphragm

peripheral portions are also innervated by sensory fibres of the intercostal nerves T7-12

25
Q

lymphatic drainage of the chest wall

A

L side drains to thoracic duct (–> L brachiocephalic vein)

R side drains to R lymphatic duct (–> R brachiocephalic vein)

26
Q

upper respiratory tract

A

part of the respiratory system lying above the sternal angle or above the cricoid cartilage
the larynx is sometimes included in the upper and lower airway

27
Q

lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs (including alveoli)

also sometimes includes the larynx

28
Q

what is the respiratory/tracheobronchial tree refering to

A

the branching structure of airways supplying air to the lungs
includes the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

29
Q

what is included in the conducting portion

A

no gas exchange

  1. trachea
  2. main bronchus
  3. lobar bronchus
  4. segmental bronchus
  5. conducting bronchiole
  6. terminal bronchiole
30
Q

what is included in the respiratory portion

A

gas exchange occurs

  1. respiratory bronchiole
  2. alveolar duct
  3. alveolar sac
  4. alveolus
31
Q

where is the larynx found

A

in the anterior neck between C3-6

extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

32
Q

what innervates the larynx

A

branches of the vagus nerve

33
Q

what are the 3 borders of the lungs

A

anterior, posterior, inferior

34
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the lungs

A

superior
inferior
middle (R only)
lingula (L only)

35
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the lungs

A

costal
mediastinal
diaphragmatic

36
Q

what is in the lung hilum

A
  1. bronchi
  2. pulmonary artery (in front of bronchus)
  3. superior pulmonary vein (most anterior)
  4. inferior pulmonary vein (most inferior)
    (includes the group of structures that enter/leave the lung hilum)
37
Q

where is the lung hilum located

A

on the mediastinal surface of the lung

38
Q

what is different about the R lung hilum

A

it has an additional bronchus called eparterial bronchus (above the artery)
R main bronchus is also referred to as the hyparterial bronchus

39
Q

parts of the pleura

A 
visceral - against the lungs
parietal - against the rib cage 
cupular - covers the apex
costal - covers rib surface 
diaphragmatic 
mediastinal
40
Q

nerve supply of pleura

A

parietal: somatic nerves (IC nerves, phrenic nerves - PAIN SENSITIVE)
visceral: autonomic nerves (T2-5) PAIN INSENSITIVE

41
Q

where are the pleural reflections and recessess

A

costomediastinal
costodiaphragmatic (clinically referred to as the costophrenic angle)
when we breathe in the recesses are filled

42
Q

define pleural reflection

A

place at which the parietal pleura changes its direction of travel

43
Q

define pleural recess

A

the increased space between the layers of pleura occurring at the pleural reflections

44
Q

surface anatomy of the lungs and pleura

A

2 IC spaces between bottom of lung and pleura during expiration
e.g. inferior margins of the lung (midclavicular line - rib 6, midaxillary line - rib 8, midscapular line - rib 10)

inferior margins of parietal pleura (rib 8, 10 and 12)

horizontal fissure of R lung follows line of 4th rib anteriorly

oblique fissure begins at T3 spine and follows line of 6th rib anteriorly

45
Q

what type of epithelium and cartilage is in the trachea

A

stratified columnar epithelium
hyaline cartilage

the large bronchi is histologically similar to the trachea

46
Q

compare the wall of the bronchioles to the trachea and bronchi

A

no cartilage, glands or goblet cells in the walls of the bronchioles compared to the trachea and larger bronchi

epithelium is either columnar or cuboidal

47
Q

what happens as the tubes become smaller in the lung:

A
  1. epithelium becomes flatter (columnar –> cuboidal –> squamous)
  2. cartilage reduces (rings –> small plates –> complete abscence in bronchioles)
  3. mucous secreting glands and goblet cells decrease (complete abscence in bronchioles)

respiratory system year 1 (25 decks)

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