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Microbiology > Respiratory Diseases > Flashcards

Respiratory Diseases Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

sporadic

A

occasional or irregular

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2
Q

endemic

A

native to a region

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3
Q

outbreak

A

sudden unexpected occurrence usually limited to a segment of population

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4
Q

epidemic

A

outbreak affecting multiple populations above expected levels

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5
Q

pandemic

A

world-wide, linkages across continents

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6
Q

nosocomial infections

A

diseases from a hospital stay

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7
Q

point mutant

A

single base change

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8
Q

silent

A

base change that doesn’t change AA codon

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9
Q

nonsense

A

stop codon, ends protein early

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10
Q

missense

A

changes codon to different AA

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11
Q

frameshift

A

disrupts normal triplet reading (but insert or delete)

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12
Q

transformation

A

free acquisition and recombination

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13
Q

transduction

A

phage shuttling (the thing that looks like a space ship)

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14
Q

conjugation

A

pili mediated transfer of plasmids

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15
Q

transposons

A

jumping genes

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16
Q

What did Woese find?

A

16s rRNA, needed to make ribosomes used in PCR

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17
Q

restriction endonuclease (RFLP)

A

where they cut the DNA at specific sequences

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18
Q

gene therapy

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A

replacing a bad gene with a good one

19
Q

Rhinitis

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A

common cold, sneezing scratchy throat, no fever

CC: Rhinovirus
VF: penetrate mucus, 200+ serotypes
Tx: aerosol droplet control, rest

20
Q

Enterovirus D68

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A

in the summer to October, more severe cold, can lead to acute flacid myelitis

CC: Enterovirus strains
Tx: aerosol droplet control, watch for AFM then treat it if it happens

21
Q

Sinusitis

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A

nasal congestion, headache or toothache, colored and thick discharge

CC: normal flora, mixed
VF: persistence, biofilms
Tx: broad spec antibiotics

22
Q

acute otitis media

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A 
ear infections, cold symptoms and pain in ear or hearing loss
bulge eardrum = AOM
CC: Strep. pneumo and H. flu
retraction eardrum = OM with effusion
CC: viruses
Tx: wait 72 hours then beta lactams
23
Q

pharyngitis

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A

strep throat, inflammation, bad breath, pain, swollen tonsils
CC: viruses
CC: strep pyogenes
VF: m protein 1, 3, 5, 6, 12, 18, 19, 24
CC: fusobacterium necrophorum
can lead to lemierre’s syndrome, treat with pen

24
Q

rheumatic fever

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A

cross reaction between strep m protein and heart muscle, damage to heart valves and circulatory system

25
glomerulonephritis
formation of antigen-antibody complexes in the glomeruli, nephritis and kidney failure
26
Diptheria
URT with sore throat, lack of appetite, pseudomembrane forms on tonsils CC: corynebacterium diphtheriae VF: toxin Dx: ELEK test, Chinese character gram stain Tx: anti-toxin and pen or erythromycin
27
pertussis
whooping cough, severe coughing that whoops, can burst blood vessels in eyes, cause vomiting, and crack ribs CC: bordetella pertussis VF: tracheal cytotoxin (AB, kills nasopharynx cells) pertussis toxin (up regulates cAMP so airway fills) Tx: erythromycin
28
Croup
inflammation of URT voicebox and windpipe, barking cough, stridor with inhalation, worse at night CC: parainfluenza virus Dx: steeple sign Tx: treat symptoms and monitor airflow
29
RSV
fever, rhinitis, pharyngitis, otitis, coughing, blueing from airway inflammation CC: RSV VF: syncytia Dx: bronchial or nasal wash Tx: possible admission to hospital and antivirals
30
influenza
fever, rapid onset headache, chills, dry cough, body aches, extreme fatigue CC: orthomyxovirus types A&B VF: hemagglutinin and neuraminidase capsid proteins (spikes) Tx: antivirals for severe and vaccine
31
antigenic drift
minor changes in the shape of the epitope
32
antigenic shift
epitopes completely change, RNA exchange between viruses
33
Metapneumovirus
flu symptoms (body aches and head and chills) but influenza negative and RSV negative CC: metapheumovirus Dx: PCR, DFA Tx: treat symptoms
34
coronaviruses
SARS and MERS, fever and cough then pneumonia and respiratory collapse CC: coronaviruses Dx: lab tests, PCR Tx: supportive
35
tuberculosis causes
mycobacterium tuberculosis, avium intacellulare, and bovis red snapper rods, breadcrumb colonies VF: cord factor allows intracellular growth Tx: cocktail treatment (RISE, RIPES, and RIPESAg)
36
TB stages
primary: formation of granulomas/tubercles in lungs secondary: escape of the granuloma, cottage cheese lung then spreads military TB: out of lungs into other tissues, lesions in spine and bone
37
bronchitis
extreme coughing, nasal congestion, fever, fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath CC: virus, bacterial, environmental Dx: bronchial wash, CXR Tx: normally self limiting, could need admission, maybe inhalers
38
pneumonia
chest pain, fever, cough, discolored sputum, crackles, wails, wheezes
39
CAP pneumonia
CC: strep pneumo lancet diplococci, rust colored sputum Tx: cephalosporins can also be H flu, neisseria spp, viral, e coli, and s aureus
40
HAP pneumonia
still strep at the top, then staph, p aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumo, and fecal klebsiella pneumo: gram -, mostly in non healthy people, can go systemic, string test, bubble gum pink
41
atypical pneumonia
walking pneumonia, less severe pneumonia CC: chlamydia pneumo, intracellular, biphasic lifecycle CC: mycoplasma pneumoniae, extracellular, adhesion structure, resemble fried eggs Tx: macrolides and tetracyclines
42
fungal pneumonias
aspergillus fumigatus, black mold, mostly in AIDS Dx: lightning and broccoli pneumocystis jirovecii: less sputum, crushed ping pong balls, ADI Tx: Bactrim histoplasma capsulatum: from bird dropping, bat caves, slow progression to pneumonia Dx: small, oval budding yeasts inside macrophages
43
agressive pneumonia
CC: legionella pneumophila (gram -) lives in water legionnaires disease: headache, fever, chills, confusion, diarrhea, it leads to shock Pontiac fever: from breathing in dead or weakened bacteria Tx: immediate antibiotics
44
hantavirus
normal pneumonia with vomiting and nausea | spread by rodent droppings

Microbiology (7 decks)

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