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Biology > Respiratory Disorders > Flashcards

Respiratory Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the respiratory disorders studied?

A
  • drowning
  • carbon monoxide poisoning
  • tonsilitis
  • common cold
  • pneumonia
  • pleurisy
  • emphysema
  • cystic fibrosis
  • asthma
  • lung cancer
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2
Q

What are the two respiratory disorder classifications?

A

restricitve and obstructive

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3
Q

What is a restrictive respiratory disorder?

A

the lung volume is decreased

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4
Q

What is an obstructive respiratory disorder?

A

when lung volumes are normal but flow rates are blocked

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5
Q

What is a laryngospasm?

A

a closing of the larynx

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6
Q

What are 10% of drowining caused from?

A

a laryngospasm

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7
Q

When do fresh water drowinings occur?

A

when the water washes away the caoting of the alveoli, causing them to collapse

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8
Q

How do salt water drowning occur?

A

salt water drownings cause a hypertonic environment for the alveoli and therefore fluid enters the lungs which prevents oxygen from entering the bloodstream

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9
Q

What is carbon monoxide (CO)?

A

a colourless, odourless, high density gas.

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10
Q

What is carbon monoxide the result of?

A

incomplete combustion for example, from an improperly working furnace

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11
Q

What does carbon monoxide do in the body?

A

it binds to the RBCs 200x better than oxygen

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12
Q

Is carbon monoxide poisoning fatal?

A

yes, if not treated immediately

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13
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

an infection (viral) of the tonsils

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14
Q

What happens if a child has many infections of the tonsils?

A

the tonsils are surgically removed

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15
Q

It is believed the tonsils help prevent bacteria and other pathogens from entering the body - therefore a removal may increase the number of illnesses later in life

A
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16
Q

What is infectious rhinitis?

A

an upper respiratory tract infection of the common cold

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17
Q

What kind of infection is the common cold? What causes it?

A

It is a viral infections caused by the rhinovirus

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18
Q

How is the common cold spread?

A

through respiratory droplets in the air or direct contact with an infected person or contaminated surface (1 day before symptoms appear and up to 5 days after)

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19
Q

What are signs of the common cold?

A
  • nasal congestion and watery discharge
  • mouth breathing
  • change in tone of voice
  • sore throat
  • headache
  • slight fever
  • cough
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20
Q

What are treatments for the common cold?

A

rest, fliuds, NOT anitbiotics - it is a virus.

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21
Q

Is there a cure or vaccine for the common cold?

A

no

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22
Q

The common cold is highly contagious. Initially, mucous membranes of nose, pharynx swell and increase secretions.

A
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23
Q

What is the best way to reduce the chances of getting a cold?

A

to wash your hands

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24
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

an infection of the bronchi

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25
Q

What are the two types of bronchitis?

A

acute and chronic

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26
Q

What is acute bronchitis and how is it treated?

A

it is caused by a bacteria and treated with antibiotics

27
Q

What is chronic bronchitis and what is it caused by?

A

It is a long term infection. It is usually caused by an irritant like smoking. The cilia become damaged and can’t clear debris.

28
Q

How is chronic bronchitis treated?

A

by quitting smoking

29
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

when the alveoli become inflamed and fill with liquid

30
Q

what is the result of pneumonia?

A

gas exchange is impaired and the body becomes starved for oxygen

31
Q

How can an X-ray show pneumonia?

A

lungs should appear black on an x-ray and if there is a white mass, it means there is fliud and therefore pneumonia.

32
Q

What is lobar pneumonia?

A

pneumonia that affects a lobe of the lungs

33
Q

What is bronchial pneumonia?

A

pneumonia that can affect patches throughout both lungs

34
Q

What bacteria causes bacterial pneumonia?

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

35
Q

How is bacterial pneumonia treated?

A

with antibiotics. It can be somewhat prevented with the pneumococcal vaccine

36
Q

How is viral pneumonia treated?

A

with anti-viral medication

37
Q

What usually happens after viral pneumonia?

A

less severe secondary bacterial infection can follow which is then treated with antibiotics

38
Q

What is the pleura?

A

a sac surrounding the lungs.

39
Q

What are the two layers of the pleura ? What do they do?

A

visceral - layer covering the lung
parietal - layer covers in inside of the chest wall or rib cage

40
Q

What is between the two layers of the pleura?

A

a space in which a small amount of fliud circulates to lubricate the two surfaces as they slide over one another during breathing

41
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

inflammation (irritation, swelling, stickiness) of the pleura

42
Q

Pleurisy is not a disease, but a symptom of another condition (e.g. virus and bacterial infection

A
43
Q

What are symptoms of pleurisy?

A

sharp, stabbing pain in chest - usually localized in one area

44
Q

What is the treatment for pleurisy?

A

to treat the cause (the virus or bacteria causing the pleurisy

45
Q

What is emphysema?

A

a chronic respiratory disorder

46
Q

What happens with emphysema?

A

the alveolar walls break down & lose their elasticity. The surface area is greatly reduced which makes breathing difficult

47
Q

What is the cause of emphysema?

A

usually from many years of smoking, the effects are permanent and incurable

48
Q

What are the treatments for emphysema?

A
  • a low-flow oxygen tank that delivers a higher exygen concentration
  • lung volume reduction surgery (LVR) removal of damaged tissue to let healthy tissue work more efficiently
49
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

It is a genetic condition that causes the cell lining of the alveoli to secrete a thick, sticky mucus. That mucus attract bacteria and numerous infections result

50
Q

What are the treatments for cystic fibrosis?

A
  • medicines to help thin the mucus
  • antibiotics for infections.
  • new treatments include gene therapy
  • an inhaler is used to spray healthy versions of the gene, the healthy gene then make proper mucus

There is no cure

51
Q

What is the lfie expectancy for cystic fibrosis?

A

is usually low-early 30s

52
Q

What is asthma?

A

it is a chronic respiratory disorder where the bronchi and bronchioles are affected. The bronchiole muscles tighten and mucus is produced which makes breathing difficult

53
Q

What are the causes and trigger of asthma?

A

it is thought that asthma is somewhat inherited.

TRIGGERS:
pollen, dust, smoke, pets, and exercise

54
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A
  • chest tightness
  • wheezing
  • night-time cough
  • restricted breathing
55
Q

What are short term treatments for asthma?

A
  • bronchodilators which give immediate relef to tightened bronchioles
  • inhalers
56
Q

What are the two types of inhalers?

A
  • metered -> the medicine is forced out by a chemical propellant
  • powdered -> no propellant
57
Q

What are the long-term treatments for asthma?

A
  • medications
  • corticosteroid treatment to control spasms in the bronchioles (QVAR inhaler)
  • prednisone which is stronger
58
Q

What are the types of obstructive lung disease: lung cancer?

A

primary or secondary. Benign lung cancer is rare. Primary is a major cause of death. Poor prognosis for lung cancer

59
Q

What is lung cancer linked with?

A

cigarette smoking

60
Q

Why do metastases develop frequently in the lung?

A

venous return and lymph vessels bring tumor cells from distant site in body -> heart -> lung

61
Q

What are carcinomas and what do they do?

A

Carcinomas are when abnormal cells multiply and form malignant tumours called carcinomas. The impeded healthy lung tissue, making breathing difficult

62
Q

What are the main causes of lung cancer?

A
  • carcinogens (cancer causing agents) that are found in cigarette smple are the leading cause
  • exposure to radon, a heavy gaseous radioactive element found in rocks soil and some buildings
  • exposure to asbestos, found in some insulation & ceiling tiles
63
Q

How are lung cancers diagnosed?

A
  • X-rays
  • CT scan (computated tomography, a cross section of the lungs is taken)
  • helical low-dose CT scan can detect very small tumours
64
Q

What are the treatments for lung cancer?

A
  • surgery on localized lesions
  • chemotherapy and radiation
  • poor prognosis unless tumor is in early stages of development

Biology (22 decks)

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