Respiratory Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

How often does the respiratory cycle repeat?

Answer 1

The cycle will repeat every 5 seconds.

Answer 2

The normal respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute.

Answer 3

-4 mm Hg or -5 cm H2O.

Answer 4

During inspiration, thoracic pressure drops to -7.5 cm H2O to suck air in from the environment.

Answer 5

The diaphragm pulls down on a closed system (contracts) to cause a drop in thoracic pressure, creating a vacuum to pull in tidal volume (0.5 L).

Answer 6

The inspiratory flow rate peaks about halfway into inspiration, with the fastest air coming in at the 1-second mark (airflow rate = 0.5L/sec).

Answer 7

A negative sign indicates inspired air.

Answer 8

Expiratory airflow is much easier to measure and is represented as positive airflow, also peaking at the halfway mark of 1 second.

Answer 9

Intrapleural pressure decreases linearly over the course of 2 seconds during inspiration.

Answer 10

While intrapleural pressure is represented as a straight line for simplicity, it is actually more curved due to tissue stretching and delayed changes in alveolar pressure.

Answer 11

Pressure decreases over 2 seconds, pulling air into the chest.

Answer 12

At 1 second into inspiration ## Footnote At this point, the pressure in the alveoli is at its lowest.

Answer 13

When alveolar pressure is at its lowest.

Answer 14

The environment pressure.

Answer 15

In the 1 second between breaths.

Answer 16

Alveolar pressure becomes -1 cmH2O at peak inspiration (1 sec into inspiration) ## Footnote This indicates a negative pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, facilitating air intake.

Answer 17

Pressure surrounding alveoli becomes MORE NEGATIVE ## Footnote This increase in negativity helps in the expansion of the lungs.

Answer 18

Walls of alveoli get pulled (more stretched) leading to a decrease in alveolar pressure ## Footnote This stretching is essential for increasing lung volume.

Answer 19

Air gets sucked in when alveolar pressure is less than environmental pressure (pressure difference aka delta P) ## Footnote This pressure difference is crucial for airflow into the lungs.

Answer 20

0.5 L ## Footnote This volume can vary based on individual lung capacity and effort.

Answer 21

Thoracic pressure ranges between -5 to -7.5 cmH2O ## Footnote Example given is -6.25 cmH2O.

Answer 22

Alveoli are full (very stretched) ## Footnote This state is crucial for gas exchange to occur efficiently.

Answer 23

Pressure in alveoli equilibrates with the environment, returning to 0 cmH2O at 2 seconds ## Footnote This equilibrium is necessary for the cessation of airflow.

Answer 24

Thoracic pressure is -7.5 cmH2O ## Footnote This indicates a continued negative pressure assisting in lung expansion.

Answer 25

Relax diaphragm → pleural pressure more positive ## Footnote This relaxation leads to a return to the starting pressure of -5 cmH2O.

Answer 26

Positive alveolar pressure ## Footnote This pressure is generated during the expiration process.

Answer 27

Alveoli get stretched out as diaphragm contracts → creates a negative pressure ## Footnote This negative pressure allows air to flow into the lungs.

Answer 28

Elastic recoil effect pushes expired air out ## Footnote Tissue tension and recoil contribute to the expiration process.

Answer 29

COPD ## Footnote Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease leads to difficulty in expiration.

Answer 30

Issue with air moving in ## Footnote Fibrosis can restrict lung expansion, making inhalation difficult.

Answer 31

Expiration will take longer ## Footnote Lack of elastic recoil prolongs the expiration phase.

Answer 32

3 seconds (halfway through expiration) ## Footnote This is when the pressure in the alveoli reaches +1 cmH2O.

Answer 33

From -7.5 cmH2O to -5 cmH2O ## Footnote This change reflects the dynamics of pleural pressure during the breathing cycle.

Answer 34

0.5 L expired ## Footnote Tidal volume is the amount of air expelled in a normal breath.

Answer 35

ALWAYS OFF. Will not have area that is turned off if healthy. ## Footnote In upright position, the apex of the lung is at higher risk due to lower pulmonary vascular pressures.

Answer 36

Compression of capillaries leads to no flow. ## Footnote This can occur due to positive pressure ventilation.

Answer 37

0 → -1 → 0 → +1 cmH2O. ## Footnote With positive pressure ventilation, the lowest setting is 5 cmH2O of inspiratory pressure/PEEP.

Answer 38

Can compress vessels, making it harder to perfuse. ## Footnote This is especially problematic in patients with compromised lung function.

Answer 39

PA > Pa > PV. ## Footnote This indicates that alveolar pressure exceeds pulmonary arterial pressure, which can lead to capillary collapse.

Answer 40

Intermittent flow: sometimes on, sometimes off. ## Footnote Flow depends on pulmonary blood pressure; less perfusion when BP is low, more flow when BP is high.

Answer 41

Pa > PA > PV. ## Footnote This indicates that pulmonary arterial pressure is greater than alveolar pressure, which allows for intermittent blood flow.

Answer 42

ALWAYS ON BLOOD FLOW. ## Footnote Continuous blood flow occurs throughout the entire cardiac cycle in this zone.

Answer 43

Blood is heavy, leading to higher intravascular pressures in lower areas. ## Footnote High pressures stretch out vessels, reducing resistance and increasing blood flow.

Answer 44

Pa > PV > PA. ## Footnote This indicates that pulmonary arterial pressure is greater than pulmonary venous pressure and alveolar pressure, facilitating continuous flow.

Answer 45

Determines which parts of the lungs will get the most perfusion. ## Footnote In an upright patient, vascular pressures are higher closer to the earth.

Answer 46

Place the GOOD lung down. ## Footnote This helps to move perfusion from unhealthy areas to better ventilated areas.

Answer 47

5 L/min ## Footnote This value represents the typical amount of blood that circulates through the lungs per minute.

Answer 48

At the bases of the lungs ## Footnote Blood flow decreases as you move towards the apex of the lungs.

Answer 49

Peaks and then tapers off a bit ## Footnote This indicates a variation in blood flow distribution within the lung regions.

Answer 50

On the diaphragm on the sides of the central tendon, suspended in the mediastinum ## Footnote This anatomical positioning affects blood flow dynamics.

Answer 51

They get compressed by the diaphragm ## Footnote This compression leads to variations in blood flow at the very base of the lung.

Answer 52

Still continuous blood flow, just less ## Footnote Zone 4 indicates a region of the lung where blood flow persists but at reduced levels.

Answer 53

bases of the lungs ## Footnote This is due to gravitational effects and lung mechanics.

Answer 54

False ## Footnote Blood flow varies significantly from the base to the apex of the lungs.

Answer 55

Tidal volume ## Footnote VT refers to the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a single breath.

Answer 56

Air coming out of the patient ## Footnote This is why pulmonary function tests focus on expired gas.

Answer 57

Ventilation looking at expired gas ## Footnote VE is the measure of the volume of air expired by the lungs.

Answer 58

5 mL of O2 ## Footnote This is a key metric for understanding oxygen transport in the blood.

Answer 59

Air coming out of the patient ## Footnote This is why pulmonary function tests focus on expired gas.

Answer 60

250 mL/minute ## Footnote This rate indicates how much oxygen is being delivered to tissues per minute.

Answer 61

Volume of oxygen absorbed each minute ## Footnote VO2 is often used to assess the efficiency of oxygen usage in the body.

Answer 62

Behavior of tissue ## Footnote Compliance indicates how easily the lungs can expand.

Answer 63

Harder to ventilate ## Footnote Low compliance suggests stiff lungs or respiratory tissues.

Answer 64

Inverse of compliance ## Footnote Elastance measures the tendency of the lung to return to its original shape.

Answer 65

High elastance ## Footnote This relationship highlights the mechanical properties of the lungs.

Answer 66

Into capacities ## Footnote Capacities are important for assessing overall lung function.

Answer 67

5 mL ## Footnote This is crucial for understanding oxygen delivery in the circulatory system.

Answer 68

Splits trachea into the two main stems

Answer 69

24 generations

Answer 70

No gas exchange, just air conducting passages

Answer 71

Respiratory bronchioles only, small amount of gas exchange

Answer 72

Respiratory zone

Answer 73

soft tissue only

Answer 74

Normal breathing.

Answer 75

Respiratory distress; not getting enough air.

Answer 76

Not breathing at all.

Answer 77

Funny sounds out of lungs due to narrowing of bronchiole. ## Footnote Examples include asthma, lung tumor, bronchospasm, and sounds like wheezing or recorder-sounding.

Answer 78

Slow breathing.

Answer 79

Rapid breathing.

Answer 80

Change in breathing with change in body positioning (becoming SOB when supine).

Answer 81

Fast, over-breathing.

Answer 82

Ventilation occurring in excess of metabolic demands.

Answer 83

Insufficient ventilation for metabolic demands.

Answer 84

Describes very large lungs in chest, such as in COPD due to loss of connective tissue that causes expansion to occur too easily.

Answer 85

DeoxyHb [blue] of >5 gm/dL. ## Footnote The more deoxyHb there is, the bluer you are. The threshold is what normal venous content is.

Answer 86

Decreased amount of O2 at the level of tissue (localized deficiency).

Answer 87

Decreased amount of O2 in the arterial blood (global systemic deficiency).

Answer 88

Excessive CO2 in blood (arterial); also known as hypercarbia, often seen in COPD or hypoventilation.

Answer 89

Deficiency of CO2 in blood (arterial); also known as hypocarbia.

Answer 90

O2 levels above normal (tissues/organ specific).

Answer 91

Collapse of functional lung units, which could be a collapsed portion or region of the lung due to infection, resulting in patchy ventilation at the site.

Answer 92

"P" CV - mmHg Pulm - cmH2O (thoracic pressure)

Answer 93

1.36 cmH2O

Answer 94

- Combination of oxygen attached to hgb and dissolved in solution (Ex: Arterial is 20 ml/O2/dL)

Answer 95

pressure of dissolved oxygen in an arterial sample

Answer 96

Pressure of dissolved oxygen in an arterial sample

Answer 97

"V" or "V_{E_{or "V_{I_"}}}

Answer 98

A dot above the letter

Respiratory Exam 1 Flashcards

(140 cards)