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VETM 423 Bacteriology > Respiratory Pathogens > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathogens Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Where are ciliated epithelium found? What is its function?

A
  • Ciliated epithelium in nasal turbinate/trachea/bronchi/bronchioli
    o Remove mucus and debris
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2
Q

What 3 bacteria have tropism for respiratory tract (ciliated epithelium)

A

Bacteria with tropism for respiratory tract (ciliated epithelium)
* Bordatella
* Mycoplasma
* Chlamydia

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3
Q

List 3 routes of pathogen exposure to respiratory tract

A
  • Aerosol
  • Particle/droplet
  • Conjunctival
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4
Q

List 4 common respiratory bacteria that affect cattle

A

Cattle
Mannheimia haemolytica
Histophilus somni
Mycoplasma bovis
Mycobacterium bovis

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5
Q

List 3 types of virulence factors that impact adhesion

A

o Pili/fimbriae
o Adhesions
o Biofilm

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6
Q

List 3 types of virulence factors that impact invasion

A
  • Invasion
    o Adhesion type invasins
    o Interaction with cytoskeleton
    o M protein (staphylococcus)
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7
Q

List 2 types of virulence factors that impact cell survival

A
  • Survival in cells
    o Compete for Fe
    o Survive in phagosome
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8
Q

List 2 types of virulence factors that impact host damage

A
  • Disease production/damage host
    o Super antigens
    o Cell wall components
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9
Q

What causes BRD

A

Cattle; BRD (shipping fever)
* Primary + secondary pathogens (bacteria and/or viruses) + environmental stress

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10
Q

What are the bacaterial characteristics of Mannheimia haemolytica

A

Mannheimia haemolytica
* Gram (-) pleomorphic, rod/coccobacilli
* Fastidious
* Related to Pasturella with many different serotypes – based on capsule antigens
* Commensal in the oropharynx

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11
Q

What disease manifestations does Mannheimia haemolytica cause?

A
  • Cause bronchopneumonia and septicemia
  • Predispose to pneumonic pasturellosis
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12
Q

What are the 3 main virulence factors does Mannheimia haemolytica use

A
  • Virulence factors
    o Leukotoxin: lyse leukocytes/platelet
    o Capsular polysaccharide: prevent phagocytosis
    o LPS: cytokine release and microvascular necrosis
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13
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Mannheimia haemolytica

A
  • Pathogenesis:
    o Viral infection + stress = shift mucosal microbiome
    o Transmit via inhalation/infective droplets
    o Bacteria deposit in mucociliary apparatus
    o Mucociliary dysfunction
    o Pneumonia
    o Colonize animal and spread
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14
Q

What is the lesions of Mannheimia haemolytica

A
  • Lesions
    o Hemorrhagic fibrinonecrotic bronchopneumonia
    o Septicemia = fibrinous pleuritis/pericarditis/peritonitis
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15
Q

What are the bacaterial characteristics of Histophilus somni

A
  • Gram (-), pleomorphic rod
  • Fastidious – need CO2 (capnophilic)
  • Colonize mucosal surfaces
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16
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Histophilus somni

A
  • Pathogenesis
    o Adhere to endothelial cells
    o Cytotoxic change – vasculitis – form fibrinoid thrombi
    o Intracellular survival and replication in neutrophils/macrophages/monocytes
    o LPS phase can change over time = enable immune evasion
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17
Q

What are the clinical signs/manifestations of Histophilus somni

A
  • Clinically: >1 organ system
    o Septicemia
    o Resp: pleuritis +/- bronchopneumonia
    o Myocarditis and sudden death
    o Thrombotic meningoencephalitis
    o Arthritis
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18
Q

What are the gross lesions of Histophilus somni

A
  • Lesions
    o Fibrinous pleuritis
    o Pericarditis
    o Bronchopneumonia
    o Focal myocardial lesions
    o Polyarthritis
    o Fibrinous laryngitis
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19
Q

What are the bacaterial characteristics of Mycobacterium bovis

A
  • Weak gram (+), rod
  • Very slow growing
  • Use acid fast stain
  • Facultative intracellular pathogen
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20
Q

What are the virulence factors of Mycobacterium bovis

A

o Mycosides/phospholipids/sulfolipids: protect from phagocytosis
o Glycolipid: cause granuloma = protect from phagocytosis
o Wax/tuberculoproteins: induce delayed hypersensitivity

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21
Q

How is Mycobacterium bovis transmittted

A
  • Transmit: resp secretions and aerosol
    o Also contaminated milk/feces/vaginal secretions/urine/semen
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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of Mycobacterium bovis

A
  • Clinically
    o Emaciation
    o Fluctuating fever
    o Intermittent cough
    o Enlarged LN (mediastinal and retropharyngeal)
    o Lethargy/anorexia
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23
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis

A

o Inhale aerosol
o Engulfed by alveolar macrophages
o Migrate into lung interstitial – bacteria are expelled out and infect other (neutrophil/monocyte/dendritic cells)
 Innate immune system may be able to clear but most not
o Dendritic cells will prime T cells for cell mediated response = IFNy release = macrophage and neutrophil activation
o Granuloma production = become ‘stable granuloma’ = latent
 Re-activate in times of immunosuppression = shedding

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24
Q

Describe the lesions of Mycobacterium bovis

A
  • Lesions: granulomatous lesions in lungs and mediastinal LN
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25
List 3 types of diagnostic testing to ID Mycobacterium bovis
o Tuberculin test: cell mediated immune response test via intradermal inoculation of M. bovis = inflammation 72hrs after o In vitro cell mediated immune test: collect blood and incubate with M bovis antigens – measure IFNy response o Culture and PCR: ID mycobacterium species
26
List 2 types of specific tuberculin testing to ID Mycobacterium bovis
 Caudal fold tuberculin: intradermal, examine after 72h * If animal is ‘reactor’ = positive response = contact CFIA and quarantine animal  Comparative Cervical Tuberculin = 2 intradermal inoculations of M. bovis or M. avium * CFIA worker only * Negative/suspect (retest in 60d)/reactor (euthanize aand necropsy) * If positive = cull herd
27
What are the bacaterial characteristics of Mycoplasma bovis
Mycoplasma bovis * No cell wall, small and pleomorphic o No gram staining * Fastidious (need special media = PCR > culture) * Slow growing * Obligate pathogen * Host specific
28
What is the tropism of Mycoplasma bovis
* Tropism: respiratory and urogenital
29
What is the the mechanism of damage of Mycoplasma bovis
* Mechanism of disease: attach to ciliated epithelium in trachea/bronchi/bronchioles o loss of cilia o change mucus o reduce mucociliary clearance o cause chronic low grade infection o carrier state o enable other organisms to infect
30
What are the virulence factors of Mycoplasma bovis
o Biofilm o Adhesins: attachment o H2O2/ROS: affect ciliary movement
31
What is the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma bovis
* Pathogenesis o Adhere to host o Direct damage to ciliated epithelium o Increased neutrophil and mononuclear response o Ciliostasis o Pneumonia
32
What are the common lesions of Mycoplasma bovis
* Lesion o Bronchitis/bronchiolitis/pneumonia  Ventral part of apical and cardiac lung lobe o Pleuropneumonia  Fibrinonecrotic pneumonia  Serofibrinous pleuritis  Serosanguinous fluid in thorax  Fibrous capsule with viable bacteria
33
What are 2 common sheep and goat pathogens
Bibierstinia trehalosi Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
34
What are the bacaterial characteristics of Bibierstinia trehalosi
* Gram (-), pleomorphic, rod/coccobacilli * Facultative anaerobe * Related to pasturella * Commensal of tonsil and nasopharynx * Opportunistic
35
What disease manifestations does Bibierstinia trehalosi cause
* Causes bronchopneumonia and septicemia
36
What are the virulence factors of Bibierstinia trehalosi
o Leukotoxin o Capsular polysaccharide o LPS
37
What is the pathogenesis of Bibierstinia trehalosi
* Pathogenesis o Stress o Susceptible to resp infections and predisposes to bacterial infection o Pneumonia o Systemic spread to kidney/heart/spleen/joint/meninges
38
What are the common lesions of Bibierstinia trehalosi
o Fibrinous and ulcerative lesions in esophagus/larynx o Suppurative bronchopneumonia o Septicemia
39
What is the most important pathogen causing resp disease in sheep
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
40
What are the risk factors for Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
* Risk factors o Other bacterial pneumoniae (pasturellosis) and viral infections o Stress
41
What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
* Clinically o Tachypnea o Cough o Nasal discharge o Fever
42
What is the main pathologic lesion of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
* Pathology: suppurative bronchopneumoniae
43
What are the 2 main respiratory pathogens affecting pigs
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) Bordatella bronchiseptica (atrophic rhinitis)
44
What causes Porcine Resp Disease Complex
Porcine Resp Disease Complex * Primary or secondary bacteria o Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae o Pasturella multocida o Strep suis o Actinobacillus suis o Glaesserella parasuis * Primary or secondary virus o PRRS o Swine influenza o Porcine respiratory coronavirus o Porcine circovirus type 2 * Stress
45
How is Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) transmitted
* Transmit: aerosol droplet between pigs (close contact)
46
What are the virulence factors of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
* Disease: depends on age/herd health/environmental conditions o Can see similar disease with Actinobacillus suis (except A. suis is systemic!) * Virulence o Fimbriae: adhesion and attachment o Toxins: APX toxin that hasa affinity for alveolar/endothelial/RBC/neutrophils/macrophage cells o Protease: breakdown host cell proteins
47
What is the pathogenesis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
* Path: o Close contact o Colonize tonsils and alveolar epithelium o Phagocytosed by macrophages o Toxin production o Tissue damage o Severe necrotizing vasculitis o Septic shock/peracute death +/- lung lesions
48
What are the lesions of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP)
o Hemorrhagic/fibrinous/necrotizing bronchopneumonia o Abscess/pleuritis
49
What are the bacaterial characteristics of Bordatella bronchiseptica
Bordatella bronchiseptica (atrophic rhinitis) * Gram (-), coccobacailli * Obligate aerobe * Obligate pathogen * contagious * Commensal in upper resp
50
What disease can Bordatella bronchiseptica cause in pigs
* Cause: atrophic rhinits when in combination with P. multocida (typee A or D) aand B. bronchiseptica
51
What are the virulence factors of Bordatella bronchiseptica
* Virulence factors o Fimbriae o Adenylate cyclase hemolysin o LPS: cause diphtheric membrane formation o Tracheal cytotoxin: damage and paralyze ciliated tracheal epithelium o Dermonecrotic toxin: inhibit osteoblasts
52
What is the pathogenesis of Bordatella bronchiseptica in pigs
* Path o Pre-existing infection with B. bronchiseptica o Colonize and proliferate of P. multocida  Many toxins produced (P. multocida = PM toxin = epithelial hypoplasia/atrophy of mucus glands/osteolysis) + dermonecrotic toxin o Atrophy of nasal turbinates’ o Shrinking of snout
53
What are the lesions of Bordatella bronchiseptica in pigs
o Mild = non progressive lesions o Severe = turbinate atrophy and deviation of the nasal septum
54
What are 2 common resp pathogens of poultry
Poultry Pasturella multocida (fowl cholera) Avibacterium paragallinarum (infectious coryza)
55
What are the common clinical signs of resp disease in birds
Signs of Resp disease * Cough * Rales (crackles) * Gasping * Cyanosis on face/comb/wattle * Also sneeze/discharge/facial swelling/conjunctivitis/head shaking
56
What are the bacaterial characteristics of Pasturella multocida
* Gram (-), non motile rods/coccobacilli * Fastidious * Facultative anaerobe * Commensal in oropharynx/GI in MM * Low survival in environment but large host rrange
57
What are the virulence factors of Pasturella multocida
* Virulence factors o PM toxin = cytotoxin o Polysaccharide capsule
58
What animals are most affected by Fowl cholera? When is it most common
o Turkeys (most severe) / duck/geese/chicken o Very contagious o Physiological stress and cooler seasons o Can be complicated by secondary infection
59
Compare acute and chronic fowl cholera
 Acute: sudden onset with high morbidity and mortality * Ruffled feathers/depression/tachypnea/dyspnea/rales/cyanosis  Chronic: survive acute form * Subclinical * Localized exudative infection and inflammation
60
What are the lesions of Pasturella multocida in birds?
o Lesions  Acute: hemorrhage/hepatomegaly with focal necrosis/pharyngitis/air saccultitis/pneumonia  Chronic: exudative infection (conjunctivitis/sinusitis/otits media/meningitis)/ facial edema)
61
What are the bacaterial characteristics of Avibacterium paragallinarum
* Gram (-), non motile, pleomorphic, coccobacilli * Fastidious: capnophilic (CO2) * 3 serogroups (AA/B/C) * Very contagious
62
What disease does Avibacterium paragallinarum cause in birds
* Upper resp disease in chickens: high morbidity and low mortality o Worsened by Mycoplasma or viral coinfection
63
What are the virulence factors of Avibacterium paragallinarum
* Virulence: o Capsular polysaccharide o Hyaluronic acid: part of capsule (prevent phagocytosis) o LPS
64
How is Avibacterium paragallinarum transmitted
* Transmit: direct contact/airborne droplets/contaminated drinking water
65
Compare the 2 forms of Avibacterium paragallinarum
* Mild: young chicken o Depression/serous nasal discharge/mild facial swelling * Severe: young adult/older o Depression/d/reduced feed and water consumption/low growth/sneeze/mucoid or suppurative nasal or ocular discharge/facial swelling/rales
66
What are the lesions associated with Avibacterium paragallinarum
* Lesions o Severe swelling of infraorbital sinus with edema o Sinusitis/conjunctivitis/tracheitis/bronchitis/air saccultits
67
What is another top differential (along wiith Avibacterium paragallinarum) for resp infection in birds
* Differential: P. multocida

VETM 423 Bacteriology (18 decks)

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