VETM 423 Bacteriology > Poultry Pathogens > Flashcards

Poultry Pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

List the risk factors for bacterial infection in poultry

A

Risk Factors (FLAWLESS: feed/light/air/water/litter/energy/sanitation/security)
* Breeder hen health
* Hatchery sanitation
* Barn sanitation
* Waterline sanitation
* Poor ventilation
* Stress

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2
Q

List 3 main environmental problems in intensive poultry production.

A
  • Poor ventilation = high ammonia/dust/bio-aerosols/CO2/humidity
  • Crowing = injury/stress (reduce immune) /spread disease/poor access too food and water
  • Poor litter quality = wet/release sulfur compounds/grow bacteria
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3
Q

List 3 ways the environmental problems can allow pathogen entry and what systems are affected

A
  • Skin = cellulitis/dermatophytes/bumblefoot
  • Resp = airsacculitis/pneumonia/tracheitis/conjunctivitis
    o Irritate resp due to poor air quality = inflammation
  • GI = necrotic enteritis/enteritis/diarrhea
    o High carb diet alter microflora

o Inflammation allows pathogen entry

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4
Q

List 5 ways bacterial pathogens are transmitted to poultry

A
  • Humans
  • Fomites
  • Wind wild bird droppings
  • Backyard bird feeders
  • Direct contact
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5
Q

List 3 types of fungi that affect poultry

A
  • Aspergillus spp
  • Microsporum gallinae (dermatophyte)
  • Candida albicans
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6
Q

What type of birds do ringworm affect mainly? What is the main causative agent? How is it treated/

A
  • Microsporum gallinae (dermatophyte)
    o Not zoonotic
    o Show poultry/pet birds
    o Tx with topical antifungals
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7
Q

What are 3 main diseases caused by aspergillus

A
  • Aspergillus spp
    o Brooder pneumonia
    o Fungal air sacculitis
    o Aspergillosis
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8
Q

What are 2 main diseases caused by candida albicans

A
  • Candida albicans
    o Crop mycosis
    o Thrush
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9
Q

What are the main causative agents of systemic/GI/and resp poultry bacteria

A

Systemic
* E. coli
o Agent: avian pathogenic E. coli
* Salmonella
* Staph aureus
* Enterrococcus cecorum
* Mycoplasma synoviae

GI
* Salmonella
* Clostridium perfringens - Necrotic enteritis

Resp
* Bordatella avium
* Mycoplasma gallisepticum
* Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
* P. multocida
* Avibacterium paragallinarium
* Chlamydia psittici

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10
Q

What type of E. coli affects poultry? What are the 2 main clinical signs or syndrome

A

o Agent: avian pathogenic E. coli

o Clinically: systemic
 Colibacillosis
 Hallmark: fibrinopurulent air sacculitis

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11
Q

What is colibacillosis? What causes it?

A

o Colibacillosis: localized and systemic infection
 Most common disease of all poultry

 Caused by stress or immune compromised birds
* Peak production/brooding period/heavy growth period/hygiene

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12
Q

What are the lesions of colibacillosis

A

 Lesions
* Green discoloured liver - hepatitis
* Air sacculitis
* Cellulitis = swollen head syndrome
* Arthritis
* Polyserositis
* Pericarditis
* Peritonitis
* Salpingitis
* Osteomyelitis

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13
Q

How is colibacillosis diagnosed and what samples do you take

A
  • Sample:
    o Swab – exudate of yolk sac/air sac/pericardium/joint
    o Tissue – heart/spleen/liver/lung/bone marrow
  • Test: C/S and virotying PCR
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14
Q

List 4 differentials for colibacillosis

A
  • Salmonellosis
  • Fowl cholera
  • Erysipelas
  • Staph
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15
Q

What is the causative agent for Yolk sacculitis/omphalitis and what are the risk factors

A

E coli
 Risk factors
* Vertical trransmision
* Hatchery/truck/barn/water sanitation

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16
Q

What are the lesions associated with yolk sacculitis/omphalitis

A

 Mortality in first week of life

 Lesions
* Hyperemic yolk sacs and inflamed navels

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17
Q

What does salmonella cause systemically in poultry

A
  • Salmonella
    o Septicemia
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18
Q

What poultry are targeted by S. aureus? Where is it found? What is its impact?

A
  • Staph aureus
    o Target: chicken/turkey
     Low morbidity and 15% mortality
    o Commensal on skin
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19
Q

How is S. aureus transmitted

A

o Transmit:
 Hatchery/farm environment and fomites
 Enter via damaged skin and wounds (beak/toe trimming) then spread in blood

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20
Q

What are the risk factors associated with S. aureus

A

o Risks
 Viral infection (reovirus)
 Stress
 Trauma
 Nutritional deficiency
 Immunosuppression

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with S. aureus in poultry

A

o Clinically
 Bumblefoot
 Dermatitis
 Folliculitis
 Septic arthritis
 Osteomyelitis
 Tenosynovitis
 Chondronecrosis

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22
Q

What are the clinical manifestations and lesions associated with S. aureus

A

 Swollen hocks = lame/reluctant to walk
 Retracted/splayed legs

 Lesions: femoral head necrosis

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23
Q

How to diagnose S. aureus and what samples are needed

A

 Sample
* Exudate from swollen joints
* Liver/spleen/kidney
 Test; C/S

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24
Q

What are 5 differentials for S. aureus

A

 Collibacillosis
 Mycoplasma synoviae
 Viral arthritis
 Fowl cholera
 Fowl typhoid

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25
What is the gram type and shape of Enterrococcus cecorum? Where is it found?
* Enterrococcus cecorum o Gram (+) cocci o Ubiquitous
26
How is Enterrococcus cecorum transmitted
o Transmit: fecal oral  vertical or stress induced
27
What are the clinical manifestations of Enterrococcus cecorum
 vertebral osteomyelitis  Septicemia
28
What are the clinical signs of Enterrococcus cecorum
o Signs  Posturing  Lameness  Reluctant to move
29
How is Enterrococcus cecorum diagnosed and what samples are taken
o Diagnose  Sample: bone/joint  Test: C/S
30
What are some considerations when treating Enterrococcus cecorum
o Tx: enterococci have intrinsic resistance to many drugs (ex. cephalosporins)
31
What are 3 differentials for Enterrococcus cecorum
 S. aureus  E. coli  Mycoplasma synoviae
32
What is the main clinical manifestation of Mycoplasma synoviae
o arthritis
33
What is the gram type and shape of salmonella? How are the sub-species and serotypes distinguished
* Salmonella o Gram (-) rod o Many serotypes – 20 important for poultry  Sub-species divided into serogroups based off of somatic (O) antigens  Serogroups divided into serotypes based off of flagellar (H) antigens
34
Give 2 examples of host adapted salmonella. What is one important consideration
o Host adapted salmonella  S. pullorum = pullorum disease  S. gallinarum = fowl typhoid  Provincially and federally reportable (will cull whole flock)
35
What are the 3 causative agents of paratyphoid salmonella
o Paratyphoid salmonella  Agents; S. enteritidis/typhimurium/Heidelberg
36
What poultry types are associated with Salmonella pullorum
* Target: all birds (mainly chicken) o 10-80% morbidity and high mortality in stressed/immunocompromised birds (if <3 weeks) * Rare in commercial production
37
How is Salmonella pullorum transmitted
* Transmit: transovarian/fecal oral o Also yolk sac/cannibalism/wound/skin/food/water o Persist in environment
38
What are the clinical signs of Salmonella pullorum
* Clinically o Dead in shell chicks/death after hatch o Non-specific signs: white diarrhea/dyspnea  Ruffled feather/depressed/anorexia o Subacute = lame/swollen hocks
39
What are the lesions associated with Salmonella pullorum
o Peritonitis in chicks that die after hatching  Unabsorbed yolk sac/congested lungs/dark swollen liver o Typhlitis with cecal casts and necrotic foci in chicks that die after showing disease
40
What type of poultry does Salmonella gallinarum target
* Target: all birds (clinical disease in growers/adults) * Rare in commercial production
41
How is Salmonella gallinarum transmitted
* Transmit: fecal oral (also eggs) o Food/water o Caan persist in environment
42
What are the clinical signs associated with Salmonella gallinarum
* Clinically o Non specific signs: depression/ruffled feathers/anorexia
43
What are the lesions associated with Salmonella gallinarum
o Bronzed enlarged liver with necrotic foci o Kidney and spleen enlargement o Anemia/enteritis
44
What is one main consideration for Salmonella gallinarum
 Provincially and federally reportable (will cull whole flock)
45
How is paratyphoid salmonella transmitted
 Transmit: transovarian * Horizontal transmission (in feces – contamaiinate eggshell/enviro) o Flies/darkling beetle/rodent  Transmit: transovarian * Horizontal transmission (in feces – contamaiinate eggshell/enviro) o Flies/darkling beetle/rodent
46
What is the clinical manifestation of paratyphoid salmonella
 Clinically: enteritis
47
What are 2 main considerations for paratyphoid salmonella
 Zoonotic – food poisoning  Provincially reportable
48
What poultry type is mainly affected by paratyphoid salmonella
 Young birds (<2 weeks)
49
How is salmonella transmitted at different stages of production
 Import of contaminated material (bird/fomite)  Within breeding flock = transovarian transmission and horizontal spread between layers  Hatchery: fomites/transovarian/horizontal spread  Processing: carcass contamination/wild bird contamination
50
How is salmonella diagnosed and what samples are taken
o Diagnose  Sample: * Tissue: spleen/liver/heart/yolk sac/synovial fluid/brain * Fluff/litter/dust/feed  Test: C/S and serotyping
51
List 3 differentials for salmonella
 Colibacillosis = septicemia  Newcastle disease = neuro signs  Mycoplasma synoviae = joint
52
How is salmonella prevented
 Live vaccine = S. typhimurium (cross protect to enteritidis)  Killed vaccine = S. enteritidis/Heidelberg/typhimurium  Reduce shedding and transmission  All salmonella serovars are at minimum notifiable
53
What causes necrotic enteritis? What is the gram type and shape? What are other notable features of the bacteria
* Clostridium perfringens - Necrotic enteritis o Gram (+) bacilli, form spores and exotoxins (alpha/beta) – anaerobic o Acute/chronic enterotoxemia o Economically important
54
How is C. perfingens transmitted and what are the risk factors
o Transmit: fecal-oral o Risk  Stress  High energy/protein diets (fish meal/wheat/rye/barley)  Contaminated feed/water mucosal damage (coccidiosis/salmonellosis)
55
What are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis
o Clinically  Non specific: depression/ruffled feathers/anorexia/d+  Sudden death in good condition due to enterotoxemia
56
What are the lesions associated with necrotic enteritis
o Lesions  Fibrinonecrotic enteritis with diphtheritic membranes  Rapid autolysis of dead birds  Turkish towel appearance of small intestinal mucosa
57
How is necrotic enteritis diagnosed and what samples are taken
 Sample: * Intestinal contents/mucosal scraping/hemorrhagic lymphoid nodules * Swab of pseudomembranous  Test: anaerobic culture and PCR for toxin typing
58
What are the differentials for necrotic enteritis
 Ulcerative enteritis/Clostridium colinum  Coccidiosis
59
What are the causative agents of gangrenous dermatitis
* Gangrenous dermatitis o Agent:  C. perfringens type A  C. septicum  S. aureus
60
What type of poultry are commonly affected by gangrenous dermatitis? What are the risk factors
o Target: chicken (4-5 wk) and turkey (13-16wk)  Economic impact (condemnation) and sudden increase in mortality o Risk  Skin lesions  Immunosuppression (density/management)  Contamination (vaccine)
61
What is the pathogenesis of gangrenous dermatitis
o Pathogenesis (2 ways)  Skin trauma to seed bacteria  intestinal overgrowth resulting in loss of integrity = systemic distribution  toxin production leads to tissue necrosis
62
What are the clinical signs of gangrenous dermatitis
 Depression/anorexia/weak/ataxic/lateral recumbent
63
What are the lesions associated with gangrenous dermatitis
 Skin: areas of no feathers/edema/emphysema/multifocal to coalescing hemorrhage  SC: serosanguinous fluid +/- emphysema  Dead birds autolyze fast
64
How is gangrenous dermatitis diagnosed? What samples to take?
o Diagnose  Sample * Swab – exudate * Tissue – skin with SC/underlying muscle  Test: C/S andd aerobic and anaerobic culture
65
What are 3 differentials for gangrenous dermatitis
o DDX:  Mycotic dermatitis  Noon-clostridial bacterial cellulitis  Ulcerative dermatitis
66
What is the disease caused by Bordatella avium? What are the gram types and shape?
* Bordatella avium o Turkey coryza aka bordatellosis aka turkey rhinotracheitis o Gram (-) rod – obligate aerobe
67
What is the main poultry types affected by Bordatella avium? What is its impact?
o Contagious in young poultry with high morbidity (less mortality if not complicated by secondary infection)  If secondary to colibacillosis = devastating o Opportunistic in broilers
68
What are the clinical signs of Bordatella avium
 Acute sneezing  Catarrhal serous nasal discharge  Watery eyes  Submaxillary edema  Dyspnea  Mortality due to suffocation
69
What is the pathogenesis of Bordatella avium
o Pathogenesis  colonize ciliated resp epithelium  Proliferation  Osteotoxin/tracheal toxin = damage epithelium and underlying cartilage
70
How is Bordatella avium diagnosed and what samples are used
o Diagnose  Swab anterior trachea  Test: C/S and serology
71
List 6 differentials of Bordatella avium
 Mycoplasmosis  Chlamydiosis  Ornithobacterium rhinotrracheale  Newcasle disease  AI  Turkey rhinotracheitis/pneumovirus
72
What disease is caused by Mycoplasma gallisepticum?
* Mycoplasma gallisepticum o Infectious siniusitis o Slow onset resp infection – cause severe sinusitis in turkeys o Rare in commercial production
73
How is Mycoplasma gallisepticum transmitted
o Transmit: transovarian/direct contact  Recovered birds stay infected and stress can cause recurrraance  Concurrrant infection can worsen disease  Low morbidity and mortality
74
What are the clinical signs of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
o Cliinically  Nasal/ocular discharge  Cough/rales/poor growth  Swollen sinuses
75
What are the lesions of Mycoplasma gallisepticum
 Swollen sinuses with caseus exudate  Air sacculitis  Pericarditis/hepatitis
76
How is Mycoplasma gallisepticum diagnosed and what samples
o Diagnose  Sample: swab of trachea/choanal cleft (with special mycoplasma transport media)  Tissue – air sacs/lung/heart/liver  Test: PCR/serology
77
What are 5 differentials for Mycoplasma gallisepticum
 Newcastle disease  Infectious bronchitis virus  Fowl cholera  Infectious coryza  Chlamydiosis
78
What type of poultry is Mycoplasma more common in? List 3 types and their clinical consequencee
o Mycoplasmosis – more common in small flocks  M. synoviae = joint inflame and resp disease  M. meleagridis = turkey air sacculitis  M. iowae = turkey low hatchability
79
What is the gram type and shape of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale? What type of disease does it cause
* Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale o Gram (-) rod o Respiratory disease commonly secondary to other agents
80
Compare the clinical outcomes of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale in young vs older birds
 Young: mild resp signs and nasal discharge * Facial edema and swelling of infraorbital sinuses  Older: sudden increase in mortality * Dyspnea/expectoration of blood stained mucous before death
81
What are the lesions associated with Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
o Lesions  Sinusitis with caseous exudate  Lung consolidation with fibrinous exudate  Fibrinoheterophiliic air sacculitis
82
How is Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale diagnosed and what samples do you take
o Diagnose  Sample – tracheal swab in live bird * Dead bird = trachea/infraorbital sinuses/lung/air sac  Test: C/S and PCR
83
What are the 4 differentials forr Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale
o DDX:  Fowl cholera  Colibacillosis  Mycoplasmosis  Chlamydiosis
84
What disease does P. multocida cause in poultry
* P. multocida o Fowl cholera
85
What disease does Avibacterium paragallinarium cause in poultry
* Avibacterium paragallinarium o Infectious coryza
86
What disease does Chlamydia psittici cause in poultry
* Chlamydia psittici o Sinusitis o Conjunctivitis
87
How does treatment for bacterial disease differ between broilers and layers
o Antibiotics in meat/broiler o Layer birds not treated due to withdrawl times

VETM 423 Bacteriology (18 decks)

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