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VETM 423 Bacteriology > Porcine Pathogens > Flashcards

Porcine Pathogens Flashcards

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1
Q

List 11 zoonotic Pig Pathogens

A
  • Brachyspira pilosicoli
  • Brucella suis
  • Camplylobacter spp.
  • Clostridioides difficile
  • Clostridium perfringens type A
  • E. coli
  • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
  • Leptospira spp.
  • Salmonella spp.
  • Staphylococcus spp.
  • Streptococcus spp.
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2
Q

List 9 risk factors for bacterial infections in pigs

A
  • Drafts
  • Improper temperature/fluctuations
  • Inadequate ventilation
  • Excess humidity (also NH3/CO2)
  • Overcrowding
  • Fighting
  • Nutritional inadequacies
  • Mixing of pig types (age/size)
  • Secondary to major pathogens like PRRSV/swine influenza virus/PCV2/Mycoplasma spp./Lawsonia intracellularis
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3
Q

List 9 common clinical manifestations/consequences of bacterial infections in pigs

A
  • Sepsis
  • Acute death/septicemic shock
  • Meningitis
  • Inner ear infection
  • Arthritis
  • Pleuritis
  • Pericarditis
  • Endocarditis
  • Pneumonia
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4
Q

What are 4 common causes of systemic bacterial pig infections

A

Systemic
* Diamond skin disease
* Suis-ides
* Strep zooepidemicus
* Mycoplasma hyorhinis

Resp
* Atrophy rhinitis
* Pleuropneumonia
* Bronchopneumonia

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5
Q

What are 2 clinical manifestations of urogenital bacterial pig infections

A

Urogenital: abortion/cystitis

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6
Q

What is 1 common cause of integument bacterial pig infections

A

Integument: greasy pig disease (Step hyicus)

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7
Q

What are 5 common clinical manifestations and bacterial causes of GI bacterial pig infections

A
  • Neonatal/post weaning
    o Scours (E. coli – ETEC, edema dz/clostridium perfringens A/C or difficile/salmonella)
  • Grower/finisher
    o Swine dysentery (brachyspira hyodysentariae or hampsonii)
    o Spirochetal colitis (brachyspira piloscoli)
    o Proliferative enteropathy (lawsonia intracellularis)
    o salmonella
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8
Q

What are 6 common clinical manifestations and bacterial causes of resp bacterial pig infections

A
  • Primary
    o Pleuropneumonia (actiniobacillus pleuropneumoniae)
    o Bronchopneumonia (myocoplasma hyopneumoniae/e. coli)
  • Secondary
    o Atrophy rhinitis (P. multicide and B. bronchiseptica)
    o Actinobacillus suis
    o Glaesserella parasuis
    o Strep suis
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9
Q

What are the general clinical consequences of systemic bacterial pig disease

A
  • Clinically: reflect systemic disease (fever/anorexia/depression)
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10
Q

Compare the causative agents of systemic pig diseases of nursery vs grower/finisher pigs

A
  • Life stages
    o Nursery: G. parasuis/S. suis/M. hyorhinis

o Grower/finisher: A. suis/M. hyopneumoniae/E. rhusiopathiae
 Pneumonic agents more common

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11
Q

what is the main lesion of systemic pig diseases

A
  • Lesions: polyserositis +/- arthritis
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12
Q

What is the causative agent of Diamond skin disease

A
  • Diamond skin disease (erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae = erysipelas)
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13
Q

What the gram type and shape of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

o Gram (+) rod

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14
Q

Where is erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae found? What are the main hosts and reservoirs

A

o Worldwide
o Animal hosts: terrestrial and marine mammals/bird/reptile/fish/arthropod
o Reservoir: pig tonsils and intestinal tract

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15
Q

Why is doing serology on systemic bacterial pig pathogens important

A

because you can identify serotype and make autogenous vaccines

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16
Q

What are 2 virulence factors of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

o Virulence
 Neuraminidase
 Capsular polysaccharide

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17
Q

How is erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae transmitted

A

o Transmit: direct contact or fomites (feed/water/soil/bedding)
 Pigs shed LOTS

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18
Q

How to package sample for PCR

A

no liquid sample media

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19
Q

What is the pathogenesis of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

o Pathogenesis
 Oral/skin exposure + tonsil/GI abrasion
 Bacteria survive and replicate in macrophage
 Bacteremia
 Septicemia
 Widespread vasculitis/fibrinous thrombosis/diapedesis/necrosis

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20
Q

What are the 3 types of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae manifestation?

A

 Acute: septicaemic disease

 Subacute: less severe +/- subclinical, few or no skin lesions

  • Chronic arthritis and firm enlargement of hock/stifle/carpal
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21
Q

What are the lesions associated with the 3 types of erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae manifestations?

A

 Acute: septicaemic disease with raised pink/red/purple diamond lesions

 Subacute: less severe +/- subclinical, few or no skin lesions
 Chronic: after acute/subacute/subclinical

  • Chronic arthritis and firm enlargement of hock/stifle/carpal
  • Respiratory distress = cyanosis or sudden death – vegetative valvular endocarditis
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22
Q

How is erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae diagnosed? What samples to take and what testing is used?

A

o Diagnose

 Sample: blood filtering organs – liver/spleen/kidney or joint tissue
 More chronic = harder to detect bacteria

 Tests: culture and susceptibility
* Serotyping/IHC/in situ hybridization/PCR

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23
Q

What are 5 differentials for acute (septicemic) erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

 Acute = septicemia/sudden death in growers/finishers
* Salmonella
* Actinobacillus suis
* Actinoobacillus pleuropneumoniae
* Glasserella parasuis
* Strep suis

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24
Q

What are 3 differentials for skin lesions associated with erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

A

 Skin lesions
* CSF
* porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome
* actinobacillus suis septicemia

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25
What are 2 differentials for Vegetative valvular endocarditis associated with erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
 Vegetative valvular endocarditis * Strep suis * Actiinobacillus suis
26
List 3 types of Suis-ides
o Strep suis o Glaesserella parasuis = glassers disease o Actinobacillus suis
27
What is the gram type and shape of strep suis? What is important about their serotyping?
o Strep suis  Gram (+) cocci  Many serotypes: type 1 and 2 most important (associated with septicemia/meningitis/arthritis)
28
Where is strep suis found? How is it transmitted?
 Commensal in upper rest  Transmit: direct contact/aerosols * 3-10 week old piglets (after wean) most susceptible – stress/decrease in maternal Ig
29
What are 2 virulence factors of strep suis
* Capsular polysaccharide * Hemolysin suilysin which is toxic to epithelial/endothelial/phagocytes
30
What is the pathogenesis of strep suis
* Colonize tonsils and upper resp * Invade resp mucosa + uptake and adhere to monocytes * Capsule resists phagocytosis + cause bacteremia * Release inflammatory mediators and cause septic shock * Invade endothelial cells and multiply in subarachnoid space * Cause inflammation and increases BBB permeability resulting in cerebral edema * Increased intracranial pressure reduces circulation * CNS dysfunction
31
What bodily structures are affected by strep suis
* Nasal cavities/saliva/tonsils * CSF/meninges * Heart * Joint * Lung * Intestine * Blood * Genital tract
32
What are the clinical signs of strep suis
* Non specific * Septicemia * Neurologic
33
What are the 3 clinical types of strep suis and what are the clinical manifestations
* Peracute = sudden death (septic shock) * Acute = septicemia/meningitis/polyserositis/polyarthritis * Chronic = arthritis/vegetative valvular endocarditis/myocarditis/bronchopneumonia
34
What are the main lesions associated with strep suis
 Lesions * Meningitis * Arthritis * Endocarditis * Polyserositis * Petechial hemorrhage
35
How is strep suis diagnosed? What samples to take and what testing is used?
* Sample: heart (+/- valves)/lung/liver/spleen/kidney/fibrinous exudate/brain/synovium and joints o If CNS signs = brain sample is most important * Testing: C/S (or serotyping – make autogenous vx)
36
What are the differential diagnoses associated with strep suis lesions?
 DDX * Polyserositis: G. parasuis/M. hyorhinis * Meningitis: G. parasuis * Endocarditis: E. rhusiopathiae/A. suis * Septicemia: G. parasuiss/A. suis/ E. rhusiopathiae/salmonella * Polyarthritis: M. hyorhinis/M synoviae/ E. coli/staph/strep
37
What is the gram type and shape of Glaesserella parasuis? What is an important feature to know about it
 Gram (-) rod  Fastidious (not viable at room temp for very long)
38
What are the virulence factors associated with Glaesserella parasuis?
 Virulence * LPS endotoxin * Capsular polysaccharide
39
How is Glaesserella parasuis transmitted
 Transmit: direct contact  High morbidity and high mortality – all age
40
What is the pathogenesis of Glaesserella parasuis?
 Pathogenesis * Nasal cavity/trachea = colonize o stress induced or secondary to viral infection * epithelial invasion/replication * septicemia
41
What are the 3 clinical types of Glaesserella parasuis?
* Peracute * Acute * Chronic
42
What are the lesions associated with Glaesserella parasuis?
* Peracute = sudden death within 2 days o No gross lesions +/- petechia in some organs * Acute = high fever/swollen joints/CNS signs o Fibrinous-fibrinopurulent polyserositis o Polyarthritis o meningitis * Chronic = mild (rough hair/poor growth/lame/cough) o Severe fibrosis o Arthritis
43
How is Glaesserella parasuis diagnosed? What samples to take and what testing is used?
 Diagnose * Sample: lung/hear/liver/spleen/kidney/brain/synovium orr joint * Test: C/S (also serotype/PCR/IHC/ISH)
44
What is the gram type and shape of Actinobacillus suis? Where is it found?
 Gram (-) rod  Opportunistic and ubiquitous – found in tonsil/upper resp
45
What are the virulence factors of Actinobacillus suis
 Virulence * Capsular polysaccharide * OmpA – adhesions to brain microvascular endothelial cells
46
What is the pathogenesis of Actinobacillus suis
 Unknown pathogenesis – involves systemic septic emboli * Higher prevalence in new herds
47
What are the clinical signs of Actinobacillus suis
 Clinically * Sudden death * Lame * Fever * CNS signs
48
What are the 3 clinical types of Actinobacillus suis and what age groups are they most prevelent
* Acute fulminant septicemia: Neonates/recently weaned * Resp: grower and finisher * Septicemia: adults
49
What are the lesions associated with the different types of Actinobacillus suis
* Acute fulminant septicemia: o Neonates/recently weaned * Resp: o Cough/fever o Hemorrhagic/necrotizing pneumonia or pleuropneumonia * Septicemia: o Lethargy/anorexia/diamond skin lesions like erysipelas/lame/abortion/metritis/death o Serous-Sero fibrinous exudate o Petechia/ecchymotic hemorrhage on organs o Pleuritis o Pericarditis o arthritis
50
What are the general lesions associated with Actinobacillus suis
 Lesions * Septicemia * Respiratory pneumonia * Ischemic rhomboid skin lesions * Valvular endocarditis and arthritis
51
How is Actinobacillus suis tested for? What samples are used
 Diagnose * Sample: lung/brin/spleen/liver/kidney/heart (+/- valve)/synovium or joint * Test: C/S
52
What are 3 common differentials for Actinobacillus suis
 DDX: actinobacillus pleuropneumonia/erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae/Strep suis
53
Compare the 'suis' diseases with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
o ‘suis’ diseases vs Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae  Suis diseases are multisystemic  APP affects lung primarily
54
What is the gram type and shape of Strep equi zooepidemicus
o Gram (+) cocci
55
What are the 3 main virulence factors of Strep equi zooepidemicus
 Capsular polysaccharide  Hyaluronidase  Streptolysin S
56
How is Strep equi zooepidemicus transmitted
o Transmit: direct contact/aerosol
57
What are the clinical signs of Strep equi zooepidemicus
o Clinically: fever/lethargy/abortion/sudden death  1-3 week old piglets = septicemia
58
What are the main lesions of Strep equi zooepidemicus
o Lesion:  Splenomegaly  Fibrous peritonitis  (also petechia/hemorrhagic lymphadenopathy
59
How is Strep equi zooepidemicus tested for and what are the samples needed
o Diagnose  Sample: liver/kidney/heart/lung/spleen/brain  Test: C/S
60
Where is Mycoplasma hyorhinis found? What animals does it affect?
* Mycoplasma hyorhinis o Commensal of tonsil/resp epithelium o Affect nursery age pig
61
What is the virulence factor of Mycoplasma hyorhinis
 Lipoproteins to stimulate cytokine production
62
How is Mycoplasma hyorhinis transmitted
o Transmit: direct contact with nasal secretions
63
What is the pathogenesis of Mycoplasma hyorhinis
 Bacteria bind ciliated respiratory epithelium (nose/conducting airway) * Lipoproteins embedded in host cell membrane  Systemic invasins occurs at mucosal colonization  Mechanism of invasion in unknown
64
What are the clinical signs associated with Mycoplasma hyorhinis
o Clinically: 3- 10 weeks  Non specific (lethargy/anorexia)  Resp – dyspnea  Arthritis – swelling of joints/lame
65
What are the main lesions associated with Mycoplasma hyorhinis
 Fibrinous serositis  Edematous and fibrinosuppurative exudate in synovial membranes
66
How is Mycoplasma hyorhinis tested for and what samples are used?
o Diagnose  Sample * Fibrin/swab from serosa * Fibrin/swab/fluid from joint * Fluid from body cavities  Test – PCR
67
What can you not use to treat Mycoplasma hyorhinis and why?
o Tx: cannot use beta lactams (no cell wall)  Limited ability to do C/S
68
What are common differentials for the clinical manifestations of Mycoplasma hyorhinis
 Polyserositis/polyarthritis: G. parasuis/S. suis/A. suis  Arthritis: mycoplasma synoviae
69
What is the gram type and shape of Actinbaculum suis? What is its growth requirement?
 Actinobaculum suis o Gram (+) rod – anaerobic o Require alkaline conditions for growth
70
Where is Actinobaculum suis found?
o World wide – commensal of boar prepuce
71
What are the virulence factors for Actinobaculum suis
 Adhesions  Produce urease
72
How is Actinobaculum suis transmitted?
o Transmit: direct (mating with infected boar)  1-3 weeks to develop infection in female  Less prevalent because AI more common
73
What is the pathogenesis of Actinobaculum suis
o Pathogenesis  Alkalosis in urine  Bacterial growth and migration  Poor hydration = crystalluria  Urease production  Damage bladder  Ascending infection in ureter/kidney
74
What are the clinical signs associated with Actinobaculum suis
 cystitis/pyelonephritis/metritis  sudden death
75
What are the 3 phases of infection of Actinobaculum suis
 Acute = hematuria  Later = blood stained purulent urine  Mild = anorexia and vaginal discharge
76
How is Actinobaculum suis tested for and what samples are used?
 Sample: urine/bladder/kidney/purulent fluid/vaginal discharge/semen  Test: anaerobic culture
77
How is Actinobaculum suis infection treated
o Tx: ampicillin/penicillin/tetracycline

VETM 423 Bacteriology (18 decks)

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