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Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

External Respiration

A

Integration of the respiratory and CVS systems allowing movement of gases between air and the cells

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2
Q

Normal respiratory rate

A

10-20 breaths a minute

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3
Q

Patency

A

How open an airway is

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4
Q

Alveoli

A

Site of gas exchange in the lungs

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5
Q

Type I pneumocyte

A

Simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange

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6
Q

Type II pneumocyte

A

Produces surfactant (reduces surface tension)

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7
Q

Type of epithelium in respiratory tract

A

Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium that is ciliated and glandular

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8
Q

Goblet cells

A

Produce mucous

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9
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

Pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional to its volume

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10
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is determined by pressure of gas and solubility in the liquid

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11
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures of the individual gases

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12
Q

Alveolar Pressure

A

Pressure inside the lungs

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13
Q

Intra-pleural pressure

A

Pressure inside the pleural cavity (always negative)

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14
Q

Trans-pulmonary pressure

A

Difference between alveolar pressure and intra-pleural pressure

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15
Q

Muscles of Inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

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16
Q

Muscles of expiration (forced)

A

Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

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17
Q

Accessory muscles

A

Scalene and sternocleidomastoids

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18
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Volume of air breathed in and out of lungs at each breath

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19
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Maximum volume of air which can be expelled from lungs at end of normal expiration

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20
Q

Inspiratory Reseve Volume

A

Maximum volume of air which can be drawn into the lungs at end of normal inspiration

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21
Q

Residual Volume

A

Volume of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration

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22
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Tidal volume + IRV + ERV

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23
Q

Total lung Capacity

A

Vital capacity + reserve volume

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24
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

TV + IRV

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25
Functional Residual Capacity
Expiratory reserve volume + residual volume (amount of air normally in lungs at end of expiration)
26
Anatomical dead space
Volume of gas occupied by the conducting airways and not available for gas exchange
27
Volume
Amount of air moved in a single expiration
28
Capacity
2 or more volumes added together
29
Pulmonary Ventilation
Total air movement into and out of lungs (L/min)
30
Alveolar Ventilation
Volume of fresh air moving into lungs and therefore available for gas exchange (L/min)
31
Hyperventilation
More air reaches alveoli (large tidal volume)
32
Hypoventilation
Less air reaches alveoli (small tidal volume)
33
Partial Pressure
Pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases (equivalent to % of the gas in the mixture x pressure of whole mixture)
34
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Baby struggles to breathe due to lack of surfactant production in lungs
35
Compliance
Change in volume relative to a change in pressure
36
Obstructive Lung Diseases
Obstruction of air flow in lungs, especially during expiration
37
Restrictive Lung Diseases
Loss of lung compliance
38
Static Spirometry measurement
Only considers volume exhaled
39
Dynamic Spirometry measurement
Considers volume exhaled and time taken to do so
40
FEV1
Maximum volume of air expired in 1 second
41
FVC
Maximum volume of air that can be expired
42
FEF25-75
Average expiratory flow over the middle portion of a FVC
43
Pulmonary Circulation
Delivers CO2 from heart to lungs and O2 from lungs to heart
44
Systemic Circulation
Delivers O2 from heart to body and CO2 from body to heart
45
Bronchial Circulation
Part of systemic circulation that supplies lungs and airways
46
Shunt
Blood moves from right to left side of heart without being oxygenated
47
Alveolar Dead Space
When fresh air in alveoli is not being adequately perfused and oxygen is not reaching blood
48
Physiological dead space
All the air not taking place in gas exchange (anatomical dead space and alveolar dead space)
49
Cooperative binding
When 1 molecule binds it increases the affinity of the other binding sites for other molecules of the same substance
50
Myoglobin
Haemoglobin in which the beta chains have been replaced by delta chains, acts as store of oxygen in muscle cells.
51
Foetal haemoglobin
Haemoglobin present in fetus, beta chains replaced by gamma chains. Allows fetus to take oxygen from mother.
52
Anaemia
Any condition where the oxygen carrying capacity of blood is decreased,.
53
2-3-diphosphoglycerate
Substance produced by erythrocytes as a response of inadequate oxygen supply and decreases Hb affinity for oxygen.
54
CO poisoning
Caused by CO binding to Hb with an affinity 250 times greater than O2. Causes cherry red skin and mucous membrane, hypoxia (cell death), anaemia and nausea.
55
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Reduction in oxygen diffusion at lungs due to decreased PP of O2 in atmosphere or tissue pathology
56
Anaemic Hypoxia
Reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to anaemia
57
Ischaemic hypoxia
Heart disease resulting in inefficient pumping of blood
58
Histotoxic hypoxia
Poisoning prevents cell utilising oxygen delivered to them
59
Metabolic hypoxia
Oxygen delivery to tissues does not meet increased oxygen demand by cells
60
chloride shift
Movement of bicarbonate ions into plasma and Cl ions into RBCs during transport of CO2 as carbonic acid.
61
Respiratory acidosis
Decrease in pH of blood due to CO2 retention as a result of hypoventilation
62
Respiratory alkalosis
Increase in pH of blood due to CO2 expiration as a result of hyperventilation
63
Dorsal Respiratory group
Sets automatic rhythm of breathing and innervates muscles of inspiration
64
Ventral respiratory group
Innervates muscle of expiration, pharynx, larynx and tongue
65
Central chemoreceptors
Response directly to H ion conc of CSF (PP of CO2) and modulate primary respiratory drive
66
peripheral chemoreceptors
Carotid and aortic bodies that respond to H ion conc in plasma and PaO2
67
Hypercapnea
Abnormally high levels of CO2 in blood
68
Hypoxic Drive
Basal respiratory rate is controlled by peripheral chemoreceptors detecting PaO2
69
Respiratory acidosis/alkalosis
Disturbance in pH of blood due to disturbance in respiratory system

Respiratory (4 decks)

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