respiratory pt. 2 Flashcards by Taylor Evans

tidal volume =

500 ml

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what makes up inspiratory capacity (IC)?

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) + tidal volume (TV)

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what makes up functional residual capacity (FRC)?

expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + residual volume (RV)

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what makes up vital capacity?

inspiratory capacity (IC) + functional residual capacity (FRC)

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what is obstructive pulmonary disease?

increased airway resistance ex: bronchitis

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what is restrictive disease?

reduced TLC due to disease or exposure to environmental agents
ex: fibrosis

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pulmonary function tests can measure _______ of gas movement

rate

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pulmonary function tests

forced vital capacity (FVC)
forced expiratory volume (FEV)

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what is forced vital capacity?

the amount of gas forcibly expelled after taking a deep breath

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what is forced expiratory volume?

the amount of gas expelled during a specific time interval of FVC

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what is alveolar ventilation rate?

flow of gases into and out of alveoli during a particular time

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what is the better indicator of effective ventilation?

AVR

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what does AVR consider?

the amount of dead space, TV, and rate of breathing

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what is AVR affected by?

TV and frequency

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what is dalton’s law of partial pressure?

total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is equal to sum of pressures exerted by each gas

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nitrogen makes up ______ of air

78.6 %

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oxygen makes up ______ of air

20.9%

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alveoli contain more CO2 and water vapor than atmospheric air because of:

gas exchanges in lungs
humidification of air by conducting passages
mixing of alveolar gas with each breath

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exchange is influenced by:

partial pressure gradients and gas solubilities
thickness and surface area of the respiratory membrane
ventilation-perfusion couple

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what is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

matching of alveolar ventilation with pulmonary blood perfusion

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arterial blood has ______ oxygen

high

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venous blood has _______ oxygen

low

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partial pressure gradient for CO2 is . . .

less steep

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respiratory membrane are very . . .

thin

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what is perfusion?

blood flow reaching alveoli

what is ventilation?

amount of gas reaching alveoli

why must ventilation and perfusion rates match?

optimal, efficient gas exchange

P-O2 controls perfusion by . . .

changing arteriolar diameter

P-CO2 controls ventilation by . . .

changing bronchiolar diameter

when alveolar O2 is high then arterioles . . .

dilate

when alveolar O2 is low then arterioles . . .

constrict

why is tissue P-O2 always lower than in arterial blood P-O2?

so oxygen moves from blood to tissues

why is tissue P-CO2 always higher than arterial blood P-CO2 ?

so CO2 moves from tissues into blood

molecular O2 is carried in blood in two ways:

dissolved in plasma loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin in RBCs

each hemoglobin is composed of . . .

4 polypeptide chains

what is oxyhemoglobin?

hemoglobin-O2 combination

what is reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin)?

hemoglobin that has released O2

loading and unloading of O2 is facilitated by what?

a change in shape of Hb

fully saturated:

all four heme groups carry O2

partially saturated:

when only one to three hemes carry O2

why is rate of loading and unloading of O2 regulated?

to ensure adeqaute oxygen delivery to cells

factors that influence hemoglobin saturation:

P-O2

other factors influencing hemoglobin saturation:

temperature blood pH P-CO2 concentration of BPG

what happens when there is a decrease in hemoglobin saturation?

shifts the curve to the left which is a decrease in oxygen unloading from blood

what is the bohr affect?

declining blood pH and increasing P-CO2 cause hemoglobin - O2 bond to weaken

hemoglobin dissociation curve (left & right)?

left = decrease right = increase

OXYhemoglobin dissociation curve (left & right)?

left = increase right = decrease

O2 carrying capacity of blood is ____________ upon the hemoglobin concentration

dependent

what is lower than normal O2 carrying capacity?

anemia

what is higher than normal O2 carrying capacity?

polycythemia

CO2 is transported to blood in three forms:

- dissolved in plasma - chemically bound to hemoglobin - as bicarbonate ion in the plasma

increased CO2 _________ blood pH decreased CO2 _________ blood pH

decreased increased

haldane effect

amount of CO2 transported is affected by PO2

the lower the PO2 and hemoglobin O2 saturation then . . .

the more CO2 can be carried in blood

changes in ____________ and _______ affect blood pH

what is hypoxia?

inadequate O2 delivery to tissues

anemic hypoxia:

too few RBCs or abnormal or too little Hb

ischemic hypoxia:

impaired or blocked blood circulation

histotoxic hypoxia:

cells unable to use O2 as in metabolic poisons

hypoxemic hypoxia:

abnormal ventilation; pulmonary disease, low levels of oxygen in air

respiratory rhythms are regulated by:

- higher brain centers (medullary and pons respiratory centers)

sets eupnea:

normal respiratory rate and rhythm

clustered neurons in two areas of medulla are most important:

ventral respiratory group dorsal respiratory group

lesions in the pontine respiratory centers lead to . . .

apneustic breathing

respiratory centers are affected by:

- chemical factors - influence of higher brain centers - pulmonary irritant reflexes - inflation reflex

what is the most potent and closely controlled factor influencing breathing rate and depth?

influence of PCO2

what is hypercapnia?

blood PCO2 levels rise

if blood PCO2 levels decrease respiration becomes . . .

slow and shallow

apnea

breathing cessation that may occur when PCO2 levels drop abnormally low

hyperventilation:

increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds bodys need to remove CO2

what is hypocapnia?

decreased blood CO2 levels

what sense arterial O2 levels?

peripheral chemoreceptors in aortic and carotid bodies

Changes in arterial pH resulting from CO2 retention or metabolic factors act indirectly through

peripheral chemoreceptors

Normally, blood PO2 affects breathing only indirectly by

influencing peripheral chemoreceptor sensitivity to changes in PCO2

Hypothalamic controls

act through limbic system to modify rate and depth of respiration

Cortical controls

direct signals from cerebral motor cortex that bypass medullary controls

Pulmonary irritant reflexes

Receptors in bronchioles respond to irritants such as dust, accumulated mucus, or noxious fumes

Inflation reflex

Hering-Breuer reflex (inflation reflex)

respiratory pt. 2 Flashcards

(78 cards)