respiratory system

Question 1

respiratory system functions:

Answer 1

exchange oxygen & carbon dioxide between environment, blood & tissue

Question 2

oxygen is necessary for . . .

Answer 2

energy production

Question 3

physiology includes three components:

Answer 3

• ventilation
• gas exchange or respiration
• transport of gases to peripheral tissues

Question 4

four processes of respiration of respiration:

Answer 4

respiratory system:
ventilation (breathing)
external respiration (gas exchange)

circulatory system:
transport
internal respiration

Question 5

what is pulmonary ventilation (breathing)

Answer 5

movement of air into and out of lungs

Question 6

what is external respiration?

Answer 6

exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

Question 7

what is internal respiration?

Answer 7

exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Question 8

what is thorax and what does it do?

Answer 8

bony thorax covers and protects the major organs of the cardiopulmonary system

Question 9

what does the sternum consist of?

Answer 9

flat bone consisting of manubrium, body, xiphoid

Question 10

upper respiratory is made up of . . .

Answer 10

nasal cavity
oral cavity
pharynx
nostril
larynx
trachea

Question 11

lower respiratory is made up of . . .

Answer 11

carina of trachea
left main (primary) bronchus
right main (primary) bronchus
right lung
Left lung
diaphragm

Question 12

what is the trachea?

Answer 12

the windpipe that extends from the larynx into the mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi

Question 13

trachea walls are composed of what three layers?

Answer 13

mucosa
submucosa
adventitia

Question 14

what is the mucosa?

Answer 14

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

Question 15

what is the submucosa?

Answer 15

connective tissue with seromucous glands supported by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea

Question 16

what is the adventitia?

Answer 16

outermost layer made of connective tissue

Question 17

trachea divides to form what . .

Answer 17

right and left main bronchi

Question 18

each lobar bronchus branches into . . .

Answer 18

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Question 19

respiratory zone begins where terminal bronchioles feed into __________________ which leads into ________________ and finally into ________________

Answer 19

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

Question 20

alveolar sacs contain clusters of . . .

Answer 20

alveoli

Question 21

respiratory membrane consists of ________ and ________ walls and their fused basement membranes

Answer 21

alveolar
capillary

Question 22

what is the alveoli wall composed of ?

Answer 22

primarily of a single layer of cells and a flimsy basement

Question 23

alveoli wall secrete _______ and __________________.

Answer 23

surfactant
antimicrobial proteins

Question 24

what does the media stinen store?

Answer 24

the heart

Question 25

two circulations perfuse lungs:

Answer 25

pulmonary circulation bronchial circulation

Question 26

pulmonary circulation is made up of . . .

Answer 26

pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins

Question 27

what do the pulmonary arteries do?

Answer 27

deliver systemic venous blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation

Question 28

what do pulmonary veins do?

Answer 28

carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones back to heart

Question 29

bronchial circulation is made up of . . .

Answer 29

bronchial arteries

Question 30

what do bronchial arteries do?

Answer 30

provide oxygenated blood to lung tissue

Question 31

what are the lungs innervated by?

Answer 31

parasympathetic and sympathetic motor fibers as well as visceral sensory fibers

Question 32

in the lungs nerves enter through _________________ on lung root

Answer 32

pulmonary plexus

Question 33

parasympathetic fibers cause what?

Answer 33

bronchoconstriction

Question 34

sympathetic fibers cause what?

Answer 34

bronchodilation

Question 35

what do the pleurae do?

Answer 35

divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

Question 36

what is the parietal pleura?

Answer 36

membrane on thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around heart, and between lungs

Question 37

what is the visceral pleura?

Answer 37

membrane on external lung surface

Question 38

___________ fills the ____________ between two pleurae

Answer 38

pleural fluid pleural cavity

Question 39

what is pleurisy?

Answer 39

inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia

Question 40

other fluids that may accumulate in pleural cavity?

Answer 40

blood blood filtrate

Question 41

what is pleural effusion?

Answer 41

fluid accumulation in pleural cavity

Question 42

volume changes cause __________ changes which cause ____________________

Answer 42

pressure air to move

Question 43

intrapleural pressure is always ________ relative to intrapulmonary pressurw

Answer 43

negative

Question 44

what keeps the lungs from collapsing?

Answer 44

negative pressure

Question 45

what is atelectasis?

Answer 45

plugged bronchioles, which cause collapse of alveoli

Question 46

what is pneumothorax? and how can it occur?

Answer 46

air in pleural cavity can occur from either wound in parietal pleura or rupture of visceral pleura

Question 47

what does pulmonary ventilation consists?

Answer 47

inspiration and expiration

Question 48

what is boyle's law?

Answer 48

the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas

Question 49

inspiration is an active process involving what muscles?

Answer 49

inspiratory muscles -- diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 50

action of the diaphragm

Answer 50

when dome-shaped diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly and flattens out

Question 51

what does the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contracting result in?

Answer 51

increase in thoracic volume

Question 52

action of intercostal muscles

Answer 52

when external intercostals contract, rib cage is lifted up and out

Question 53

inspiration - sequence of events

Answer 53

1. inspiratory muscles contract 2. thoracic cavity volume increases 3. lungs are stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases 4. intrapulmonary pressure drops 5. air flows into lungs downs its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0

Question 54

what muscles do forced expiration use?

Answer 54

an active process that uses oblique and transverse abdominal muscles, as well as internal intercostal

Question 55

expiration -- sequence of events:

Answer 55

1. inspiratory muscles relax 2. thoracic cavity volume decreases 3. elastic lung recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases 4. intrapulmonary pressure rises 5. air flows out of lungs downs its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0

Question 56

physical factors influencing ventilation:

Answer 56

airway resistance alveolar surface tension lung compliance

Question 57

restrictive lung disease =

Answer 57

low compliance

Question 58

obstructive lung disease =

Answer 58

high compliance

Question 59

what dilates bronchioles?

Answer 59

epinephrine

Question 60

alveolar surface tension?

Answer 60

the attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a gas-liquid interface

Question 61

what is surfactant ?

Answer 61

a protein complex that helps reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid

Question 62

what is surfactant produced by?

Answer 62

type II alveolar cells

Question 63

what is infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

Answer 63

increased surface tension results in collapse of alveoli after each breath

Question 64

what is lung compliance?

Answer 64

measure of change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure

Question 65

two factors affecting compliance

Answer 65

elasticity surfactant

Question 66

compliance can be diminished by:

Answer 66

- nonelastic scar tissue replacing lung tissue - reduced production of surfactant - decreased flexibility of thoracic cage

Question 67

total compliance of the respiratory system is also influenced by compliance of the thoracic wall, which can be decreased by:

Answer 67

- deformities of thorax - ossification of costal cartilage - paralysis of intercostal muscles