Respiratory System

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

the process of taking in oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide
includes; ventilation, transport of gases, cellular/external/internal respiration

Question 2

What are the different lung volumes?

Answer 2

tidal volume
residual volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
minute ventilation

Question 3

What is tidal volume and how does it change during exercise?

Answer 3

volume of air breathed out per breath

increases

Question 4

What is residual volume and how does it change during exercise?

Answer 4

volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
stays the same

Question 5

What is expiratory reserve volume and how does it change during exercise?

Answer 5

volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
slightly decreases

Question 6

What is inspiratory reserve volume and how does it change during exercise?

Answer 6

volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
decreases

Question 7

What is minute ventilation and how does it change during exercise?

Answer 7

volume of air breathed in or out per minute
(number of breaths x tidal volume)
big increase

Question 8

What is vital capacity?

Answer 8

IRV + ERV + TV

Question 9

What is the pathway of air?

Answer 9

nose and mouth
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 10

What happens during inspiration?

Answer 10

intercostal muscles contract
pulls ribcage up and out
causes diaphragm to contract and flatten
thoracic cavity gets larger 
causing air pressure in lungs to decrease

Question 11

What happens during expiration?

Answer 11

intercostal muscles relax
rib cage falls down and in
diaphragm relaxes making it dome shaped
thoracic cavity gets smaller
air pressure in lungs increases

Question 12

What changes in inspiration during exercise?

Answer 12

inspiration is assisted by; diaphragm, external intercostals, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes , pectorals
becomes an active process

Question 13

What changes in expiration during exercise?

Answer 13

expiration is assisted by; internal intercostals, abdominal

Question 14

What is gaseous exchange?

Answer 14

getting oxygen in the air into our lungs so it can diffuse into the blood and be transported to the cells
removal of carbon dioxide transported as carbonic acid, carbaminohaemoglobin or dissolved in plasma

Question 15

How does gaseous exchange occur at the alveoli?

Answer 15

the ppO2 in alveoli is higher than in the capillaries
O2 moves down a conc gradient until the partial pressure is equal
oxygen has been removed from the blood by the muscles which is why the conc is lower
CO2 diffuses from blood to alveoli to be breathed out

Question 16

How does gaseous exchange occur at the muscles?

Answer 16

the ppO2 is lower at the tissues than the blood
diffusion of O2 occurs until equilibrium is reached
CO2 diffuses from tissues to blood

Question 17

How are the alveoli suited for diffusion?

Answer 17

large blood supply maintains conc gradient
thin alveoli epithelium for short diffusion pathway
lots of alveoli to increase surface area

Question 18

How is pulmonary ventilation regulated during exercise?

Answer 18

neural control
chemical control
hormonal control

Question 19

How does neural and chemical control work together?

Answer 19

neural- brain and nervous system
chemical- blood acidity
when blood acidity increases the brain is informed and stimulates the sympathetic ns to increase breathing

Question 20

What does the respiratory centre do?

Answer 20

located in medulla oblongata
controls rate + depth of breathing (neural and chemical)
increased CO2 in blood stimulates respiratory system to increase respiratory rate

Question 21

What are the areas of the respiratory centre?

Answer 21

inspiratory centre- responsible for in + expiration

sends nerve impulses via phrenic nerve to inspiratory muscles to contract (diaphragm + external intercostals)

Question 22

What does the respiratory centre respond to during exercise?

Answer 22

changes in blood chemistry- increase in blood acidity
changes detected by chemoreceptors in carotid artery and aortic arch
send impulses to inspiratory centre to increase ventilation
respiratory centre sends impulses down phrenic nerve to stimulate inspiratory muscles- sternoncleidomastoid , scalenes and pectorals
this increases breathing rate and depth

Question 23

What factors affect neural control of breathing?

Answer 23

proprioceptors- increasing breathing during exercise
baroreceptors- decrease in blood pressure increases breathing rate
stretch receptors- during exercise lungs are stretched more, expiration occurs

Question 24

How does the neural/chemical control of inspiration occur?

Answer 24

receptors- medulla- phrenic nerve- diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 25

How does the neural/ chemical control of expiration occur?

Answer 25

receptors- medulla- phrenic nerve- abdominals and internal intercostals

Question 26

What hormonal regulation occurs?

Answer 26

renal glands pump adrenalin into the blood prior to exercise

increases breathing rate

Question 27

How does smoking affect the lungs?

Answer 27

carbon monoxide binds to Hb instead of O2
nicotine restricts bronchioles
damages cilia
reduced number of alveoli- reduces gas exchange
athlete cant utilise oxygen and work aerobically