Skill Continuum and Skill Transfer

Question 1

open closed

Answer 1

open- environment changes while the skill is being performed, performers must adapt to changes
eg pass in football
closed- the environment/ playing conditions are stable, the performer is able to repeat the same movement pattern
eg shotput/discus

Question 2

gross fine

Answer 2

gross- large muscle groups are used to perform the skill
eg sprint start (quads)
fine- small muscle groups are used to perform the skill- requires precision
eg pistol shot

Question 3

self paced externally paced

Answer 3

self- performer is in control o timing and speed of the skill
eg hammer throw, performer dictates when they spin and how quickly they spin
externally- the performer must adapt as they have no control over the speed and timing
eg sprint start, receiving the ball in football

Question 4

high organisation low organisation

Answer 4

high- skill is difficult to break down into subroutines, often performed as one
eg badminton smash (very quick)
low- skill can easily broken down into subroutines which can be practiced in isolation
eg swimming stroke

Question 5

simple complex

Answer 5

simple- limited decision making is required
eg forward roll
complex- several decisions must be made
eg dribbling in football - looking at who is coming towards you and who is available to pass to

Question 6

discrete serial continuous

Answer 6

discrete- clear beginning and end
eg pirouette, tennis serve
serial- number of discrete skills are performed one after the other to create another skill
eg triple jump- hop step jump
continuous- skill has no clear beginning and end- movement is cyclical, end of one part is start of next
eg cycling and swimming

Question 7

positive transfer

Answer 7

learning a skill facilitates the learning of another skill

eg learning to throw overarm assists volleyball serve

Question 8

negative transfer

Answer 8

learning a skill inhibits the learning of another skill

eg learning forehand drive in tennis and in forehand clear badminton; different aims and technique

Question 9

bilateral transfer

Answer 9

learning + performing a skill on one side of the body is transferred to the other side
eg dribbling in right foot then on left foot

Question 10

zero transfer

Answer 10

no similarities between 2 skills so no effect on either skill
eg learning to tackle in rugby and learning long jump

Question 11

encouraging positive transfer

Answer 11

coaches should:
ensure performer has completely learned first skill before introducing second skill
make practice env. similar to game env.
give praise/ positive reinforcement when positive transfer takes place
avoid teaching skills that seem similar but actually require different techniques (neg transfer may occur)