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AP0509 Component 2 Exam > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Many forms of epithelial tissue

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
  • pseudostratified
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2
Q

Main function of respiratory system

A
  • allows passage from nose/mouth to alveoli
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3
Q

Upper conducting portion

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
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4
Q

Lower conducting portion

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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5
Q

Respiratory portion

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs and alveoli
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6
Q

Types of bronchus

A
  • primary bronchus
  • secondary (lobar) bronchus
  • tertiary (segmental) bronchus
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7
Q

Types of lobes

A
  • superior lobe (right and left)
  • middle lobe
  • inferior lobe
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8
Q

Olfaction

A
  • olfactory mucosa in nasal cavity
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9
Q

Phonation

A
  • vocal folds
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10
Q

Conduction and conditioning of air

A
  • transport of air to respiratory portion
  • warmth
  • air clearance
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11
Q

Gaseous exchange

A
  • respiratory portion - blood-gas barrier
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12
Q

Endocrine

A
  • hormones

- neuroendocrine cells

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13
Q

Immune functions

A
  • bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT)

- alveolar macrophages

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14
Q

Vestibule (nasal cavity)

A
  • cartilage framework
  • stratified squamous (skin)
  • short firm hairs (vibrissae)
  • sweat and sebaceous glands
  • Glands and vibrissae trap large particles
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15
Q

Respiratory portion (nasal cavity)

A
  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Lamina propria
  • Vessels (capillaries) lined up perpendicular to
    the airflow warms the air.
  • Clinical correlate: nasal congestion
  • Turbinates increase the surface area covered by
    respiratory mucosa
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16
Q

Olfactory region (nasal cavity)

A
  • Found at the roof of nasal cavity and the superior
    nasal conchae.
  • Lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium with
    four cell types.
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17
Q

Infections in nasal cavity

A
  • Allergic reactions or viral infections (e.g., common
    cold)
  • Rhinitis/coryza (Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane)
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18
Q

What happens in these infections of nasal cavity?

A
  • Capillaries that reside near the surface of the lamina propria become engorged
  • Lamina propria becomes distended with fluid
  • Marked swelling of the mucous membrane
  • Restriction of the air passage
  • Breathing difficult.
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19
Q

Serous Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands

A
  • produce serous fluid that bathes the olfactory cilia + serves as a solvent to dissolve odour molecules for detection by the olfactory cells.
  • Their secretory units lies in the the lamina propria
  • Acinar cells have lipofuscin granules
  • Serous secretion; lysozyme and IgA
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20
Q

Cell types in olfactory epithelium

A
  • olfactory receptor cells
  • supportive
  • brush cells
  • basal cells
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21
Q

Cell types of respiratory epithelium

A
  • Ciliated columnar cells
  • Mucus cells
  • Brush cells
  • Small granule
  • Basal cells
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22
Q

Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified)

A
  • Lines most of the conducting part of the respiratory system
  • Ciliated columnar cells
  • Mucus cells
  • Brush cells with microvilli
  • Small granule
  • Basal cells
23
Q

Ciliated columnar cells

A
  • Histology; Columnar and extend to surface 250 cilia
  • Function; Sweeping motion helps expel particles trapped
    in mucus
  • Clinical note; Primary ciliary dyskinesia in Kartegener’s syndrome
24
Q

Mucus cells

A
  • histology; short blunt microvilli
  • function; Secretes mucin granules which forms a protective barrier
  • clinical note; Increased in smokers and chronic inflammation
25
Q

Brush cells

A
  • histology; columnar and extend to the apical surface - short microvilli
  • function; synapse with afferent nerves - sensory function
  • clinical note; sensory receptors – transduction of
    sensation
26
Q

Small granule or Kulchitsky cells

A
  • histology; Most numerous at bifurcation of primary bronchi - basal granules
  • function; Enteroendocrine cells; Secrete catecholamines, ADH, ACTH, serotonin and bombesin
  • clinical note; Primary cells affected in small cell carcinoma of the lung
27
Q

Basal cells

A
  • histology; near basement membrane

- function; stem cells that regenerate all other cell types

28
Q

Kartagener syndrome - immotile cilia syndrome

A
  • genetic disorder - (autosomal recessive) involving mutation in genes
    that code for ciliary proteins (dynein).
  • results in situs inversus (organ reversal as a result of faulty migration during embryogenesis) , recurrent sinus and pulmonary infections ( inability to
    move mucus), and sterility.
29
Q

Larynx

A
  • tubular region between the pharynx and trachea
  • skeletal framework consists of plates of hyaline cartilage
  • functions include air conduction and phonation
30
Q

Mucosa in trachea

A
  • RE - Respiratory epithelium
  • LP - lamina propria –> loose
    connective tissue
  • Longitudinal elastic fibers in deep LP
31
Q

Submucosa in trachea

A
  • loose connective tissue

- seromucous glands

32
Q

Cartilaginous layer in trachea

A
  • C-shaped hyaline - open posteriorly “Gap” between free cartilage ends is completed by a fibroelastic
    membrane and Trachealis muscle (smooth)
33
Q

Adventitia in trachea

A
  • connective tissue - binds trachea to adjacent structures
34
Q

Bronchi

A
  • Primary or main bronchi are
    structurally like trachea
  • Primary bronchi –> 2-3 secondary bronchi –> total 8
    -10 tertiary or segmental bronchi per lung
  • Segmental bronchi supply a bronchopulmonary segment
  • can also be classified as; extrapulmonary or intrapulmonary: surrounded by lung tissue
35
Q

Mucosa of bronchi

A
  • respiratory epithelium
36
Q

Muscular layer of bronchi

A
  • Spirally oriented smooth muscles in –> regulates the airway diameter
37
Q

Submucosa of bronchi

A
  • Loose CT with sero-mucus glands (Gl) in larger bronchi
38
Q

Cartilage layer of bronchi

A
  • extrapulmonary bronchi - cartilage rings

- intrapulmonary bronchi - cartilage plates (CP)

39
Q

Adventitia of bronchi

A
  • connective tissue in the extrapulmonary part then surrounded by lung tissue in intrapulmonary bronchi
40
Q

Squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium

A
  • Columnar to squamous metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium
    • Basal cells generate squamous cell
    • Smoking: loss of ciliated cell
    activity –> cough –> metaplasia
    • Bronchitis, bronchiectasis –> Chronic cough –> metaplasia
    • Metaplasia –> dysplasia –> squamous cell carcinoma
41
Q

Bronchioles

A
  • Diameter is 1 mm or less

- Larger (regular) bronchioles –> terminal bronchioles (B) –> respiratory bronchioles (RB)

42
Q

Larger bronchioles

A
  • Ciliated, pseudostratified columnar that transition into simple ciliated columnar (Goblet cells present)
43
Q

Smaller bronchioles (terminal and respiratory)

A
  • simple cuboidal with secretory club (Clara) cells interspersed among ciliated cells (no Goblet cells)
    • No subepithelial glands
    • Smooth muscle replaces cartilage plates (branching points may contain small elements of cartilage)
44
Q

Bronchial asthma

A
  • inflammatory airway disease
  • symptoms; short breath, wheezing and coughing
  • airway obstruction; increased mucus, increased smooth muscle, bronchiolar wall inflammation
  • treated with; Albuterol (β2 agonist), anticholinergic medications which relax the
    smooth muscles, Corticosteroids - anti-inflammatory
45
Q

Epithelium change in respiratory tract

A
  • ciliated pseudostratified
  • ciliated simple columnar
  • ciliated simple cuboidal
  • simple squamous
46
Q

Typical changes at the respiratory tract descends

A
  • loss of cartilage and mucous glands
  • loss of goblet cells
  • loss of cilia
  • cells also become progressively flattened (squamous)
47
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A
  • Squamous cells which line 95% of alveolar surface
  • Terminal cells not capable of mitosis.
  • Surface is covered by surfactant
48
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A
  • Cuboidal cells which secrete surfactant
  • Found at the septal junctions –> AKA septal cells
  • Most numerous but cover only 5% of alveolar surface
  • Apical lamellar bodies –> foamy appearance
49
Q

Alveolar surfactant

A
  • adequate amount of surfactant is produced after 35th week of gestation.
  • Regulated by cortisol, insulin, thyroxin and prolactin
50
Q

Neonatal respiratory distress

A
  • Premature infants especially < 28 weeks old
  • Management: Exogenous surfactant at birth
  • Glucocorticoids to the mother with possible preterm delivery a few days prior to.
51
Q

Interalveolar septum

A
  • Contains: Collagen fibres, Elastic fibres (pulmonary recoil), Continuous capillaries, permanent and transient cells.
  • site of the air-blood barrier
  • Adjacent alveoli communicate through alveolar pores (of Kohn) which allows collateral airflow –> spread of Pneumonia
52
Q

Pulmonary effects of cigarette smoking

A
  • Loss of cilia
  • Mucus gland hyperplasia
  • Increased number of goblet cells
  • Histological changes (pseudostratified
    ciliated epithelium to squamous metaplasia)
53
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A
  • Large alveolar air spaces giving reduced functional efficiency
  • Neutrophils release proteases including elastase, which break down elastic fibers in the small airways
  • Serum Alpha 1 antitrypsin
    (AAT) counteracts the elastase activity.
  • Persistent smoking elevates the neutrophils and elastase levels –> increased destruction of elastic fibers –> leads to permanent dilation of airways
54
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A
  • autosomal recessive, mutation of both copies of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein and chloride channel
  • diagnosed by sweat test for concentration of chloride excreted in sweat + by genetic testing
  • channel protein is involved in alteration of mucus + digestive secretions, sweat and tears
  • almost all exocrine glands secrete abnormally viscid mucus that obstructs the glands and their excretory ducts

AP0509 Component 2 Exam (21 decks)

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