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Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Which structures make up the respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Lungs

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2
Q

Type of epithelium which lines most of the respiratory system

A

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

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3
Q

What does pseudo-stratified mean?

A

Nuclei of cells are at different levels but all cells are attached to the basement membrane.

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4
Q

Function of the ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium in the respiratory system

A

Secretion and movement of mucus by ciliary action

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5
Q

Cells present in the ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium

A

Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
Goblet cells
Basal cells

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6
Q

Bones and cartilages that make up the external nose

A

Nasal bone
Maxilla
Septal cartilage
Lateral nasal cartilage
Alar cartilage
Dense fibrous connective and adipose tissue

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7
Q

Regions of the external nose

A

Frontalis muscle deep to skin
Root and bridge of nose to skin
Dorsum nasi
Ala of nose
Apex of nose
Philtrum
External naris

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8
Q

Structures of the nasal cavity

A

Nasal septum
Inferior conchea
Middle conchea
Superior conchea
Inferior meatus
Middle meatus
Superior meatus
Sphenoethmoidal recess

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9
Q

What is inferior conchea

A

An independent bone found in the nasal cavity

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10
Q

Middle and superior concha are

A

parts of the ethmoid

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11
Q

What lines the superior conchea

A

Olfactory mucosa

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12
Q

The inferior meatus is the opening of the

A

nasolacrimal duct

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13
Q

The middle meatus is the opening to the

A

maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus and frontal sinus

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14
Q

The sphenoethmoidal recess is the opening of the

A

sphenoid sinus

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15
Q

What are the paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Maxillary sinus

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16
Q

Olfactory mucosa lines the

A

Superior conchea
Corresponding segment of the nasal septum
Roof of the nasal cavity

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17
Q

Olfactory mucosa contains

A

olfactory receptor neurons

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18
Q

Function of paranasal sinuses

A

Lighten the skull
Warm and moisten the air
Increase resonance of speech

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19
Q

Which sinuses drain into the middle meatus

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

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20
Q

Which sinuses drain into the superior meatus

A

Posterior ethmoid sinus

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21
Q

Lateral wall of ethmoid sinus is known as?
Implication of this?

A

Thin lamina papyracea of orbits. Nasal infection may find its way through to the orbits through this thin bone plate

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22
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus open into the nasal cavity

A

At the opening into middle meatus of nasal cavity

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23
Q

The floor of the maxillary sinus is indented by the

A

roots of the maxillary teeth

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24
Q

3 parts of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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25
What epithelium lines the nasopharynx
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
26
What epithelium lines the oropharynx and larnygopharynx
non-keritanised stratified squamous epithelium
27
Location and extent of nasopharynx
Behind nasal cavity Extends from skull base to soft palate
28
What tube connects the middle ear with the nasal pharynx
The auditory (eustachian) tube
29
Inferior communication (from nasal cavity) with nasopharynx through
pharyngeal isthmus
30
Anterior communication (from oral cavity) with nasopharynx through
chonae
31
Lateral posterior communication (from eat) with nasopharynx through
Auditory (Eustachian) tube
32
Larynx is lined with...except the...which is lined by...
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium Vocal folds and part of the epiglottis non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
33
Which cartilage laminae forms the anterior and lateral wall of the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
34
What are the cartilages present in the larynx
Epiglottic Thyroid Cricoid Arytenoid Corniculates Cuneiforms
35
Thyroid cartilage forms the...and attaches to...by
Its laminae form anterior and lateral wall of the larynx Thyrohyroid membrane attaches it to the hyoid bone and epiglottis
36
Cricoid cartilage forms the...and attaches to... Significance of cricoid cartilage
Forms the inferior of larynx Attaches to the thyroid cartilage by cricothyroid membrane Presence of cricothyroid joint and cricoarytenoid joint Cricoid cartilage is a site of emergency tracheotomy
37
Shape of arytenoid cartilage and is found at the Significance of arytenoid cartilage
Pyramid shaped cartilages Found at posterior and superior border of cricoid cartilage Most important in altering positions and tension of vocal folds
38
Epiglottic cartilage is an...attached to...by...
Elastic cartilage Hyloid bone and thyroid cartilage Ligaments
39
Function of the larynx
Respiration Voice production Control of thoracic pressure
40
3 Parts of the larynx cavity
Vestibule Ventricle Infraglottic cavity
41
The vestibule of the larynx is enclosed by
Vestibular folds at the lower border
42
The ventricle of the larynx includes the
Sinus and saccule
43
Infraglottic cavity of the larynx is enclosed by
The vocal folds are the upper border Enclosed by cricothyroid membrane (ligament)
44
Function of extrinsic laryngeal muscles of the larynx
connects the cartilage to other structures
45
Function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles
Connect laryngeal cartilages to each other
46
How does voice production occur
Vocal folds come together near the midline Then they vibrate in response to air flow through rima glottidis
47
Movement of vocal folds during inhalation or exhalation
The vocal folds are abducted (apart) and the rima glottidis opens to allow unobstructed airflow
48
Movement of the vocal folds during coughing, sneezing, defecation, parturition and implication of movement
Vocal folds tightly close to increase thoracic abdominal pressure
49
Location of trachea
Runs anterior to the esophagus and extends from larynx to thoracic cavity
50
Where does the trachea divide into the right and left primary bronchi
Divides at the sternal angle level
51
Significance of the cartilage rings of the trachea
Prevent tracheal wall collapse
52
Tissues present in the tracheal wall and its significance
Smooth muscle tissue and elastic connective tissue Allows for changes in tracheal diameter and length during inhalation and exhalation
53
Type of nervous system control of the smooth muscle and glands in the wall of trachea and bronchi
Autonomic nervous system
54
Parasympathetic activation of trachea would elicit
muscle contraction and gland secretion
55
Location of left and right primary bronchi
Extends in the mediastinum from the trachea to the inferior end of hilum of lungs
56
Contrast the right and left bronchus. Implication of the difference
Right main bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left aspirated food and foreign bodies tend to lodge in the right main bronchus
57
Lungs are separated by
the heart and the structures in the mediastinum
58
Lungs are located in the
thoracic cavity above the diaphragm
59
Blood supply from the heart
Pulmonary artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart (right ventricle) to the lungs Bronchial arteries: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the bronchi in the lungs
60
Blood supply away from the lungs
Pulmonary veins: Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart Bronchial veins: Venous drainage from the lungs to the heart
61
Structures present in the lungs
Pulmonary arteries Most of the bronchial tree Pulmonary arteries and veins Bronchial arteries and veins Autonomic nerves Lymph vessels and nodes
62
Lungs are covered by
serous membrane Pleura: visceral pleura
63
How many lobes in the right lung
3
64
How many lobes in the left lung
2
65
Hilum is where the
arteries, veins and the main bronchus enters or leaves the lung
66
Name the lobes/fissures of the right lung
Superior lobe Middle lobe Inferior lobe Oblique fissure Horizontal fissure
67
Name the lobes/fissures of the left lung
Superior lobe Inferior lobe Oblique fissure
68
Parietal pleura lines the
thoracic cavity
69
Visceral pleura lines the
surface of the lungs
70
Characteristic of viscera pleura
Insensitive to pain or temperature stimulus
71
Compare parietal pleura and visceral pleura in terms of innervation
Parietal pleura: Somatic innervation Visceral pleura: Visceral sensory innervation
72
What is contained in the pleura cavity
Pleural fluid
73
Draw location of costodiaphragmatic recesses
refer to notes
74
During inspiration, ...pressure in...cavities pulls ... and lungs to...
negative, pleural, visceral pleura, expand
75
Pleural recesses exist during
Full Expiration
76
Pneumothorax is the
Lung collapse due to increasing air pressure in the pleural cavity due to a rupture from the lung, through the thoracic wall or from the mediastinum
77
Compare left and right bronchus
Right main bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left
78
Right lung has how many lobar bronchi
3
79
Left has how many lobar bronchi
2
80
Wall of bronchioles does not contain...but has...
no more cartillage has intact smooth muscle
81
Asthma arises due to
Constriction of bronchioles due to allergic reactions
82
Function of alveolar
site of gaseous exchange
83
The alveolar wall consists of
Alveolar cells (Type 1 and 2) Mesh of capillaries Reticular and elastic connective tissues Basement membrane
84
Alveolar...cells and capillary ... cells share a ...
epithelial endothelial fused basement membrane
85
Implication of stomach cancer
obstruction of blood vessels Lymphatic vessels airways Tumour growth may cause esophageal obstruction
86
Symptoms of stomach cancer and reasons
Loss of pupil dilation - Loss of upper thoracic and cervical sympathetic nerves Arm symptoms - Lower trunk of brachial plexus is affected Voice change - Laryngeal nerves are affected Paralysis of diaphragm - Phrenic nerves affected
87
End of expiration muscle movement
Diaphragm relaxes Internal intercostal muscles contract External intercostal muscles relax volume of thoracic cavity decreases air moves out of lungs
88
End of inspiration muscle movement
Diaphragm contracts Internal intercostal muscles relax External intercostal muscles contract Volume of thoracic cavity increases air moves into lungs

Anatomy (4 decks)

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