Respiratory system Flashcards
(43 cards)
1
Q
ventilation
A
getting air into the lungs
2
Q
external respiration
A
gaseous exhange between the lungs and the blood
3
Q
transport of gases
A
attaching to haemoglobin in red blood cells
4
Q
internal repsiration
A
exchange of gases between the blood in capillaries and the body cells
5
Q
cellular respiration
A
the metabolic reactions and process that takes place in a cel to obtain energy fuels such as glucose
6
Q
resporatory structures
A
- nasal passage
- oral pharynx & larynx
- trachea
- bronchi & bronchioles
- alveoli
7
Q
nasal passage
A
- nose cavity is divided into cartilaginous septum
- interior structures of the nose helps the repiratory process
- mucous membrane and blood capillaries moisten and warm the air
- ciliated epithelium filters and traps dust particles
- small bones (chonchae) increase the surface area
8
Q
oral pharynx & larynx
A
- shared by both respiratory and alimentary tracts
- air enters the larynx passes over the vocal cords and into trachea
- when swalling - the larynx is drawn upwards and forward, prevents food entering
9
Q
trachea
A
- 10cm in length
- lies infront of oesphagus
- composed with 18 horse shoe shaped rings of cartilage
- mucous membrane and ciliated cells
- provides protection from dust
10
Q
bronchi & bronchioles
A
- divides into the right and left bronchi
- subdiveds into lobar bronchi
- airways form bronchioles
- enable air to pass into alveoli
- pulmonary diffusion occurs
11
Q
alveoli
A
- exchange between lungs and blood
- walls are extremely thin
- composed of epithelial cells
- smooth passage for oxygen
- extensive cappilarries network
- blood squeezes into capilarries whcih gives the red blood cells the bioncave shape - increases surface area
12
Q
inspirartion at rest - active
A
- diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract
- diaphragm flattens/pushes down and ribs/sternum moved up and out - external intercostl muscles are contected to each rib, cause the ribcage to pivot about thoracic vertebral joints
- thoracic cavity volume increases
- lung air pressure decreases atmospheric air (outside)
- surface tension from pleural causes the lungs to push out - air rushes into lungs
13
Q
expiration at rest - passive
A
- diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
- diaphragm pushes upwards and ribs/sternum move in and down
- thoracic cavity volume decreases
- lung air pressure rises above atmospheric air (outside)
- air rushes out of the lungs
14
Q
inspiration during exercise - active
A
- diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes and pectoralis minor contracts
- diaphragm flattens with greater force which increases the lift of ribs and sternum
- increased thoracic cavity volume
- lower air pressure in lungs
- more air rishes into lungs
15
Q
expiration during exercise - passive
A
- diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax and rectus abdominis/obliques contract
- diaphragm pushed up harder with more force and ribs-sternum are pulled in and down - ribcage lowered into resting postiion
- greater decrease in thoracic cavity volume
- higher air pressure in lungs
- more air pushed out of lungs - forced out until equal pressure
16
Q
the repiratory system - alveoli
A
- alveoli are responsible for gaseous exchange between the blood and the lungs
- structure helps gaseous exchange
- walls are one cell thick - short diffusion pathway
- many capillaries - excellent blood supply
- big surface area
17
Q
mechanics of breathing
A
- lungs are surrounded by pleural sacs containing pleural fluid - reduces friction during respiration
- sacs are attached to the lungs and the thoracic cage -enables the lungs to inflate and defkate as the chest expands and flattens
- interrelationship between the lungs, the pleural sacs and throacic cage is central
18
Q
diffusion
A
the movement of gas molecules from an area of high partial pressure to an area of low partial pressure
19
Q
diaphragm
A
a dome shaped muscle sperating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
20
Q
breathing during exercise
A
- demand of oxygen increases
- additonal muscles used
- sternocleidomastoid, perctorals minor and scaleni muscles - increases thoracic cavity
- expiration becomes active
21
Q
how to measure lung volumes
A
- spirometer
- measure the volume of air in inspiration and expiration
22
Q
tidal volume
A
- volume of air breathed in or out per breath
- increases during exercise
23
Q
inspiratory reserve volume
A
- volume of air that can foricbly inspired after a normal breathe
- decreases during exercise
24
Q
expiratory reserve volume
A
- volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal breath
- slight decrease during exercise
25
residual volume
* volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expirations
* remains the same
26
minute ventilation
* volume of air breathed in or out per minute
* big increase during exercise
* **number of breaths per min (approx 12) x tidal volume = minute ventilation**
27
vital capacity
* the toal sum of both your inspiratory reserve volume and your expiratory reserve volume
* remains the same during exercise
28
regulation of pulmonary ventilation (breathing) - during exercise
* the respiratory control centre is locted in the medulla oblongata
* controls rate and depth of breathing
* 3 factors involded during exercise - **neural control, chemical control ( blood acidity), hormonal control**
29
**neural control** in regulation of breathing during exercise
* involves the brain, nervous system and chemical control
* when blood acidity is high - the brain is informed and sends impulses to nervous syetm to increase breathing
* detected by chemoreceptors
* sends message through phrenic nerve to stimulate more inspiration
* pulmonary ventilaion is controlled automatically by the sympathatic and parasympathic nervous system
* proprioceptors, barorecptors and stretch receptors detects change in body
30
two main areas in respiratory system
* **inspiratory centre** - responsible for inspiration and expiration
* sends nerve impulses via phhrenic nerve to the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
* muscles contract for 2s and the impulse stops
* passive expiration occurs
* **expiratory centre** - stimulates expiratory muscles during exercise (internal intercostal muscles and abdominals)
31
**hormonal control** in regulationof breathing during exercise
* before exercise brain sends an impulse to the renal gland
* pumps adrenaline into the blood in anticipation of needing more oxygen
* breathing increases
32
proprioceptors (mechanoreceptors)
increase in movement of joints and muscles sends feedback to respiratory centre - increase breathin rate
33
baroreceptors
detects a decrease in blood pressure from in the aorta and vena cava - increases breathing rate
34
stretch receptors
prevents over inflation by sending impulses to the expiratory centre to the expiratory mucles
35
smoking - effects on respiratory system
* decreased elasticity of respirary structures
* damadge to trachea and bronchi
* damadge to cell linings - cilia is meant to push up mucus but when damadge it blocks causing smokers cough
* excuss mucus in the airways are called brochitis
* chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
* tar increases asma
* emphysema - alveoli are damaged and create greater air sacs which reduce gaseous exchange - irreversable
36
smoking - effects on cardiovascular system
* atherosclerosis
* arteriosclerosis
* angina
* heart attack
* hypertension
* caner
* pneumonia
* blood clots
* stroke
* kidney failure
37
smoking - effects on performance
* **lungs**
* decrease in lung volumes
* decrease in tidal volume
* reduction in surface area in gaseous exchange
* **carbon monoxide**
* haemoglobin has higher affinity for carbon monoxide
* haemoglobin combines with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen
* reduces association of oxygen with haemoglobin
* **oxygen delivery**
* reduces partial pressure of oxygen
* **gaseous exchange**
* decrease diffusion and concentration gradient of oxygen
* less effient
* increase diffusion distance
38
gaseous exchange
* the replenshiment of oxygen
* all gases exert partial pressure
* partial pressure needs to be siccessively lower when air moves from the alveoli to the blood to the muscles
39
external respiration (alveoli)
* air that enters the alveoli has high partial pressure of oxygen compared to deoxygeanted blood in alveoli
* oxygen diffuses alveoli into the blood of cappilaries to be transported back to left atrium
* carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillry blood into the alveoli of lungs when its expired
* the difference between high and low pressure is called diffusion/concentration gradient
40
internal respiration (tissue)
* oxygentated blood is pumped around the systemic circulation until it reaches the cappilaries
* capillary blood has high partial pressire of O2 and low CO2 compared to muscle tissue
* oxygen passed into muscle cells is transferred from haemoglobin in blood cappillaries to myoglobin in muscles tissues
41
external respiration during exercise
* venous blood returning to the lungs has high partial pressure of CO2
* alveolar has high partial pressure of O2
* has an increased diffusion gradient
* haemoglobin is fully saturated
* will diffuse until partial pressure is equal - greater the diffusion gradient , the greater the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide exhancge
42
internal respiration during exercise
* greater oxygen dissociation in the muscle tissues
43
chemical control in regulation of breathing in exercise
• controlled with chemoreceptors in the aorta and medulla oblongata
• chemoreceptors stimulate increased breathing via the ICC
•detection of changes in blood acidity levels, caused by carbon dioxides
