The musculo-skeletal system

Question 1

REVISE MUSCLES

Question 2

agonist & antagonists

Answer 2

• mucles can only contract and pull - they cant push
• arranged in pairs on ethier side of a joint - antagonistic pairs
• the muscle that contracts is called agonist
• the muscle that relaxes is called antagonist

Question 3

elbox flexion

joint action

Answer 3

• agonist - biceps
• antagonist - triceps

Question 4

hip adduction

joint action

Answer 4

• agonist - adductors (brevis/longus/magnus)
• antagonist - gluteus medius/maximum

Question 5

knee extension

joint action

Answer 5

• agonist - quadriceps
• antagonist - hamstrings

Question 6

shoulder flexion

joint action

Answer 6

• agonist - anterior deltoid
• antagonist - latissimus dorsi

Question 7

muscle contractions

Answer 7

• isometric
• isotonic

Question 8

isometric

joint action

Answer 8

• muscle contracts but stays the same length
• muscle work to keep joint stationary

Question 9

isotonic

joint action

Answer 9

• muscle contracts and changes length
• cause movement of the body part
• concentric - muscle shortens
• eccentric - muscle lengthens

Question 10

sagittal plane

planes

Answer 10

• vertical plane
• movements are forwards and backwards
• divides into the left and right halves
• eg - front somersault , forward roll , running

Question 11

frontal plane

planes

Answer 11

• vertical plane
• movements side to side
• divides body into front and back
• eg - cartwheel , goalkeeper , star jump

Question 12

transverse plane

planes

Answer 12

• horizontal plane
• rotational movement
• divides into top and bottom
• eg - 360 spin in ice skating , discuss throw

Question 13

transverse axes

axes

Answer 13

• goes with sagittal plane
• horisonatally through body from side to side
• movements;
  1. flexion
  2. extension
  3. plantar-flexion
  4. dorsi-flexion
  5. hyper-extension

Question 14

sagittal axes

axes

Answer 14

• goes with frontal plane
• horizontally through the body from front to back
• movements;
  1. abduction
  2. adduction

Question 15

longitudinal axes

axes

Answer 15

• goes with transverse plane
• runs vertically through body from head to toe
• movements;
  1. horizontal adduction
  2. horizontal abduction

Question 16

flexion

Answer 16

decreasing the angle between the bones of a joint

Question 17

extension

Answer 17

increasing the angle between the bones of a joint

Question 18

plantar-flexion

Answer 18

pointing the toes/pushing up onto your toes

Question 19

dorsi-flexion

Answer 19

pulling the toes up to the shin

Question 20

hyper-extension

Answer 20

increasing the angle beyond 180 degrees between the bones of a joint

Question 21

abduction

Answer 21

movement away from the midline of the body

Question 22

adduction

Answer 22

movement towards the midline of the body

Question 23

horizontal adduction

Answer 23

movement of the arm forwards across the body 90 degrees

Question 24

horizontal abduction

Answer 24

movement of the arm backwards across the body at 90 degree to shoulder abduction

Question 25

REVISE BONES

Question 26

Types of joints

Answer 26

* joints are where two bone meet * articulating bone * 3 types of joints 1. fixed/fibrous joints 2. cartilaginous joints 3. synovial/free moving joint - located at shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, ankle

Question 27

characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 27

* synovial membrane * synovial fluid * joint capsule * bursae * cartilage * ligaments * tendons

Question 28

synovial membrane | characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 28

the lining inside the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid

Question 29

synovial fluid | characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 29

a clear slippery liquid that lubricates the joint and stopes the bone from rubbing together

Question 30

joint capsule | characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 30

tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together

Question 31

bursae | characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 31

a sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendons and bone

Question 32

cartilage | characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 32

a tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between bones, preventing bone rubbing together and causing friction

Question 33

ligaments | characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 33

bands of elastic fibres that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement and preventing possible dislocation

Question 34

tendons | characteristics of synovial joints

Answer 34

do not prevent injury but are very strong, non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone

Question 35

area of joints

Answer 35

* elbow * knee * ankle * shoulder * hip

Question 36

elbow joint | area of joints

Answer 36

* hinge joints * articulating bones - humorous, radius & ulna * ligaments surrounding the elbow help to maintain joint stability and resist discolation * flexion and extension

Question 37

knee joint | area of joints

Answer 37

* hinge joint * articulating bone - femur and tibia * meniscus lies between the femur and tibia which acts as a shock absorber during strenuous activity * many ligaments surrounding the knee to hold in place * flexion and extension

Question 38

ankle joint | area of joints

Answer 38

* hinge joint * articulating bones - tibia, fibula and talus * numerous ligaments work together to limit extreme movements * plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

Question 39

shoulder joint | area of joints

Answer 39

* ball and socket joint * articulation bones - scapula and humerus * the socket is very shallow allowing the greatest movement - however very unstable * flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, rotation

Question 40

hip joint | area of joints

Answer 40

* ball and socket joint * articulationg bones - pelvis and femur * the head of the femur fits into the decompression (acetabulum) - less prone to injury * flexion and extension