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VN03 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration?

A

a process in living organism involving the production of energy, typically with the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what is external respiration?

A

a process of inhaling oxygen from the air into the lungs

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3
Q

what is internal/tissue respiration?

A

gas exchange across the respiratory membrane in tissues

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4
Q

what is air made up of and percentages?

A
  • nitrogen (78%)
  • oxygen (21%)
  • argon (1%)
  • carbon dioxide (0.03%)
  • water vapour
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5
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory system?

A
  • nares
  • nasal cavities
  • sinuses
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
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6
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory system?

A
  • caudal/distal trachea
  • bronchi/bronchioles
  • pulmonary alveoli
  • lungs
  • pleura
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7
Q

what is the central fissure of the nares called?

A

philtrum

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8
Q

what are the nares?

A

paired external openings which are. continuous with the nasal passage

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9
Q

what are the nasal cavities lined with and what type of cell structure is it?

A

olfactory mucosa which is pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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10
Q

why do olfactory glands secrete mucus?

A

to trap particles and keep the nasal cavity moist

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11
Q

what detects pheromones in the nose?

A

vomeronasal organ

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12
Q

what makes up the paranasal sinuses?

A

maxillary and frontal sinuses

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13
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

part of the respiratory tract that connects the nasal cavities to the larynx

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14
Q

what two sections is the pharynx split into?

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
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15
Q

what is the nasopharynx?

A

dorsal portion connected to nasal cavities

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16
Q

what is the oropharynx?

A

ventral portion connected to the caudal oral cavity

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17
Q

what is the larynx?

A

a box at the entrance of the trachea

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18
Q

what is the larynx made up of?

A

muscles
ligaments
cartilages

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19
Q

what cartilages are in the larynx?

A
  • epiglottis
  • thyroid
  • arytenoid
  • cricoid
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20
Q

what is the larynx designed for?

A
  • To prevent entry of foreign material into the trachea during swallowing (deglutination)
  • regulate the flow of gases into the respiratory tract
  • contribute to vocalisation
21
Q

what is the trachea?

A

tube of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle held open by incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage

22
Q

what is the trachea lined with?

A

ciliated mucous epithelium

23
Q

what is the muco-cilary escalator?

A

traps inhaled particles

24
Q

what does the trachea split into at the level of the heart base?

A

bronchi

25
Q

what does bronchi split into?

A

bronchioles

26
Q

what is the smallest bronchioles called?

A

terminal bronchioles

27
Q

what is alveoli ?

A

a single cell thick pulmonary membrane covered in capillaries where gaseous exchange takes place

28
Q

what do the lungs consist of?

A
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli
  • blood vessels
  • connective tissue called parenchyma
29
Q

what is the space between pulmonary pleura and parietal pleura called?

A

pleured space

30
Q

what is pulmonary circulation?

A

pulmonary arteries deliver dexoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs where it is oxygenated by gas exchanged in the alveoli

31
Q

what do pulmonary veins transport?

A

oxygenated blood back to the heart to be pumped around the body

32
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A
  • the space between the lungs which is bound by the pleura
  • where the heart, trachea, thymus, and blood vessels are located
33
Q

who are obligate nasal breathers?

A
  • cats
  • rabbits
  • rodents
34
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A
  • to move two gases - co2 and oxygen
  • to produce energy
35
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A
  • diaphragm contracts
  • diaphragm flattens
  • diaphragm moves caudally
  • external intercostal muscles contract
  • volume in thoracic cavity increases
36
Q

what happens during expiration?

A
  • diaphragm relaxes
  • intercostal muscles contract
  • volume in the thoracic cavity decreases
  • forces air out of lungs
37
Q

what is perfusion?

A

process by which the cardiovascular system pumps blood throughout the lungs

38
Q

what are the three essential processes for the transfer of oxygen from the outside air to the blood flow through the lungs?

A
  • ventilation
  • diffusion
  • perfusion
39
Q

what is the aerobic respiration equation?

A

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy

40
Q

what does total lung capacity mean?

A

total volume of air in the lungs

41
Q

what does vital lung capacity mean?

A

maximum volume of air that can be forced out

42
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

amount of air in and out with each breath

43
Q

what does inspiratory reserve volume mean?

A

volume of inspiratory capacity unused with any one breath

44
Q

what does expiratory reserve volume mean?

A

volume of expiratory capacity unused with any one breath

45
Q

what does functional residual volume mean?

A

still air in the lungs

46
Q

what is anatomical dead space?

A

volume of air that does reach the alveoli
- equal to the volume of the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

47
Q

what is neural control/hering breuer reflex?

A

stretch receptors sends impulses to the respiratory centre in the medulla to stop inspiring

48
Q

what is deflation reflex?

A

stretch receptors sends impulses to the respiratory centre in the medulla to stop deflating

49
Q

what is humoral control?

A

control via chemical in the blood which is monitored by the medulla of the hind brain - co2

VN03 (17 decks)

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