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VN03 > Special senses > Flashcards

Special senses Flashcards

1
Q

what are some characteristics of sensory receptors?

A
  • lie outside of the central nervous system
  • feed information to the brain
  • creates a response
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2
Q

what are some characteristics of the eyes?

A
  • receptor organ for sight
  • lie within the deep bony orbit of the skull
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3
Q

what provides cushioning for the eye?

A

periorbital fat

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4
Q

what are the three main parts of the eye?

A
  • eyeball
  • extrinsic
  • eyelids
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5
Q

what are the muscles in the eye useful for?

A

Movement and suspension

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6
Q

what is the orbit comprised of?

A
  • comprised of the frontal bone, lacrimal bone, and zygomatic arch
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7
Q

what is eye position relative to?

A
  • environment
  • habits
  • feeding methods
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8
Q

what are some characteristics of a predator’s eye position?

A
  • forward set eyes
  • large central area
  • binocular/stereoscopic vision
  • greater depth perception
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9
Q

what are some characteristics of a prey’s eye position?

A
  • laterally placed eyes
  • wider range of vision
  • narrow 3D vision
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10
Q

what are the three layers of the eye?

A
  • sclera/cornea (outermost)
  • uvea (middle)
  • retina (inner)
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11
Q

what do the three layers of the eye form?

A

a sheath around a liquid-gelantinous centre

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12
Q

what is the limbus?

A
  • where the sclera meets the cornea
  • its a drainage point for the aqueous humour
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13
Q

what is the cornea?

A
  • transparent anterior part of the eye
  • avascular
  • outer surface is a layer of squamous epithelium
  • function is to focus light on the retina
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14
Q

what does the uvea contain?

A
  • choroid
  • ciliary body
  • iris
  • tapetum lucidum
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15
Q

what is the choroid?

A
  • dark coloured lining at the back of the eye
  • prevents light rays escaping
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16
Q

what is the ciliary body?

A
  • structure projecting towards the centre of the eye
  • secretes aqueous humour
  • ciliary muscles control the shape and thickness of the lens
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17
Q

what is the iris?

A
  • 2 layers of smooth muscle
  • contains a pigment called melanin - eye colour
  • controls light into the eye
  • circular contraction = smaller pupil
  • radial contraction = larger pupil
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18
Q

what is the tapetum lucidum?

A
  • light reflecting layer of cells on inner choroid surface
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19
Q

what is the retina?

A

light travels through all the layers before it can stimulate the receptor cells

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20
Q

what are the three layers of sensory cells in the retina?

A
  • photoreceptor layer
  • bipolar layer
  • ganglion layer
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21
Q

what are rods?

A
  • photoreceptor cells
  • sensitive to low light levels, providing black and white night vision
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22
Q

what are cones?

A
  • photoreceptor cells
  • sensitive to bright light and provide colour day vision
23
Q

what do bipolar nerve cells do?

A

gather information from the rods and cones and transmit it to the next layer

24
Q

what are ganglion cells?

A
  • cells travel across the surface of the retina towards the optic disc where they form the optic nerve
  • blind spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina
25
Q

what is the lens?

A
  • between the cornea and the retina
  • transparent biconvex disc
  • function is to change shape and focus. rays of light onto the retina to focus on an object which may be close or far away
26
Q

what two chambers does the iris divide into?

A
  • anterior chamber (iris and cornea)
  • posterior chamber (iris and lens)
27
Q

what is the final chamber?

A

vitreous chamber
- between the lens and retina
- contains vitreous humour

28
Q

what does pressure in the anterior chamber cause?

A

glaucoma

29
Q

what are some accessory structures in the eye (adnexa)?

A
  • eyelids
  • lacrimal apparatus
  • ocular muscles
30
Q

how are the upper and lower eyelid joined?

A

at the medial canthus and lateral canthus

31
Q

what is the function of the eyelids?

A

to protect the globe from damage, uniform, tear distribution and protection during sleep

32
Q

what are the harderian glands?

A

lie underneath the third eyelid and contribute to lubrication

32
Q

what does the enlargement of the harderian glands cause?

A

cherry eye

32
Q

what is the third eyelid called?

A

nictitating membrane

33
Q

what glands are along the margin of the eyelid?

A

meibomian glands and tarsal glands/plates

34
Q

what does the lacrimal gland produce?

A

secretion known as tears which contain sodium chloride and bicarbonate

35
Q

what is the function of tears?

A

moisten cornea and conjunctiva, remove dust and debris, and contains lysozyme to destroy bacteria

36
Q

what is the journey of light reception?

A

light
cornea
iris
retina
light receptor cells
optic nerve
mid brain
correct cerebral cortex

37
Q

what are the three parts of the ear?

A

EXTERNAL ear
MIDDLE ear
INNER ear

38
Q

what are some characteristics of the external ear?

A
  • pinna
  • expression and communication
  • formed from a sheet of elastic cartilage
39
Q

what are the 2 parts of the external ear?

A
  • vertical canal
  • horizontal portion
40
Q

what are some characteristics of the middle ear?

A
  • consists of tympanic cavity (contains ossicles) and tympanic membrane (ear drum) and auditory ossicles
41
Q

what is the function of the tympanic membrane?

A

to convey the vibrations caused by sound waves from external to ossicles

42
Q

what are the auditory ossicles?

A

malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)
- function is to transmit soundwaves to inner ear

43
Q

what are the two parts of the inner ear?

A
  • bony labyrinth - cochlear
  • membranous labyrinth - vestibular
44
Q

what is perilymph?

A

fluid that surrounds and separates

45
Q

what is endolymph?

A

fluid flowing in tubes

46
Q

what is the cochlear portion?

A
  • wound spirally like a snail
  • organ reacts to different sound wave frequencies
  • sends message to cochlear branch of CN8 to brain
47
Q

what is the vestibular portion?

A

comprises of three semi-circular canals
- utricle
- ampulla
- saccule

48
Q

what are some characteristics of the semicircular canals?

A
  • lie in 3 planes at right angles
  • contains hair and crystals that move as body moves = balance
  • filled with endolymph
49
Q

what are some characteristics of taste?

A
  • gustation
  • particles must be in solution
  • taste buds on moist mucosa
  • taste bud = receptor organ
    -tongue associated with papillae
50
Q

what do taste buds contain?

A
  • gustatory cells
  • supporting cells
  • hair like processes
51
Q

what are some characteristics of smell?

A
  • olfaction
  • receptor in nasal mucous membranes covering turbinates
  • vomeronasal response allows transfer of pheromones and other scents into vomeronasal organ at roof of mouth

VN03 (17 decks)

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