🫁respiratory system

Question 1

🫁What’s protecting the lungs?

Answer 1

The ribcage

Question 2

🫁 What’s another word for the windpipe?

Answer 2

Trachea

Question 3

🫁 What does the trachea branch into?

Answer 3

Bronchi (then left and right lung)

Question 4

🫁 What do bronchi’s split into?

Answer 4

Bronchioles

Question 5

🫁 Describe the structure of the bronchioles and how they’re adapted to their function.

Answer 5

They have tough cartilage, which allows air of a high-pressure to be carried to and from the lungs.

Question 6

🫁 How is alveoli adapted to its function?

Answer 6

It has a large surface area which allows lots of diffusion to happen.

Question 7

🫁 What is alveoli surrounded by?

Answer 7

A capillary network

Question 8

🫁 What does the capillary network help to do? Exchange

Answer 8

Take oxygen away and bring carbon dioxide back.

Question 9

🫁 What are the alveoli?

Answer 9

Tiny air sacs in the lungs

Question 10

🫁 Describe the transfer of oxygen from the alveoli.

Answer 10

Oxygen is transferred from alveoli, into the capillaries and carried to tissues throughout the body

Question 11

🫁 Describe the transfer of carbon dioxide.

Answer 11

Carbon dioxide comes from the capillaries into the alveoli to be exhaled.

Question 12

🫁 What is the site of gas exchange?

Answer 12

The capillaries

Question 13

🫁 What muscles are in between the rib cage?

Answer 13

Intercostal muscles.

Question 14

🫁 How do the external intercostal muscles help with breathing? + does the volume increase or decrease? +. Do ribs move up or down?

Answer 14

They contract which pulls the ribs upwards and outwards. This therefore increases the volume of chest cavity.

Question 15

🫁 What effect does the external intercostal muscles contracting have on the pressure inside of the lungs? + (does more or less air flow in?)

Answer 15

The pressure inside the lungs decreases which causes more air flow in.

Question 16

🫁 How do the internal intercostal muscles help with breathing during normal exhalation?
(zzz)

Answer 16

The intercostal muscles relax which allow the ribs to move back into the resting position.

Question 17

🫁 During normal exhalation, what effect does the internal intercostal muscles relaxing have on the pressure inside of the lungs?

Answer 17

During normal exhalation, increased pressure in the lungs.

Question 18

🫁 During forceful exhalation such as coughing or exercise, what happens to the internal intercostal muscles? +ribs movement. (reduced cc)

Answer 18

The internal intercostal muscles contract which pulls the ribs downwards to reduce the chest cavity and expel more forcefully.

Question 19

🫁 Describe the diaphragm (abthax)

Answer 19

Dome shaped muscle between the thorax and abdomen.

Question 20

🫁 How is the diaphragm adapted to its function?
(Elastic skeleton dome)

Answer 20

The dome shape allows it to expand and contract efficiently.
It has skeletal muscle fibres which are strong and fatigue resistant .
It has a degree of elasticity which allows it to return to its dome shape

Question 21

🫁 What is the function of the pleura membrane? Separate

Answer 21

To separate the lungs from the rib cage

Question 22

🫁 What are the two types of pleural membrane/the pleural cavity?

Answer 22

Parietal pleura & Visceral pleura.

Question 23

🫁 What is in between the pleural cavity? And what does it help with?

Answer 23

There’s a small amount of fluid which aids in lubrication to allow easy movement and inflation.

Question 24

🫁 Where are the two pleural membranes positioned?

Answer 24

Parietal pleura - connected to rib cage.
Visceral pleura - surrounds the lungs like a balloon.

Question 25

🫁 What happens to the diaphragm when you inhale?

Answer 25

Moves down

Question 26

🫁 What happened to the diaphragm when you exhale?

Answer 26

Moves up.

Question 27

🫁 What functions promote diffusion?

Answer 27

The capillary walls are one cell thick, there is a small gap between alveolar walls and capillary network. (Large diffusion gradient.) It is very moist, alveoli has a large surface area, very large diffusion gradient.

Question 28

🫁 What does large diffusion gradient mean?

Answer 28

There is a short distance, but a very big difference in concentration,

Question 29

🫁 What is the tidal volume?

Answer 29

The difference in air between breathing in and breathing out. (Peak & trough)

Question 30

🫁 What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

Answer 30

The extra air left when you breathe in as much as you can

Question 31

🫁 What is the expiratory reserve volume?

Answer 31

The extra air left over when you breathe out as much as you can

Question 32

🫁 What is the residual volume?

Answer 32

The volume that remains when you exhale as much as you can

Question 33

🫁 What is the vital capacity?

Answer 33

The difference between the maximum volume and the minimum volume

Question 34

🫁 What is the total lung capacity? +

Answer 34

Vital capacity + residual volume

Question 35

🫁 What is spirometry?

Answer 35

Measuring the volume of air exhaled using a spirometer.

Question 36

🫁 What could a spirometer be used to diagnose?

Answer 36

COPD, asthma, and bronchitis.

Question 37

🫁 How do you use a spirometer?

Answer 37

He asked the patient to relax and take a deep breath, place a clip on their nose. Tell them to breathe out as quick as possible and as much as they can. Repeat this three times to get an average.

Question 38

🫁 What is the peak flow vary with?

Answer 38

Age, sex and height

Question 39

🫁 What are the alveoli and capillary walls made up of? EPI

Answer 39

Squamous epithelium. (flat cells)