Respiratory System

Question 1

3 primary functions of respiratory system

Answer 1

air conduction
air filtration
gas exchanged

Question 2

Extrapulmonary airways

Answer 2

everything outside of lung tissue

Question 3

Intrapulmonary airways

Answer 3

secondary bronchi all the way down to the terminal bronchioles

Question 4

What do respiratory bronchioles divide from?

Answer 4

terminal bronchioles

Question 5

Where does gas exchange actually take place?

Answer 5

alveoli

Question 6

Anthracosis

Answer 6

black staining carbon pigment that outlines secondary pulmonary lobules
the pigment has been consumed by macrophages and is flowing through the lymph vessels

Question 7

Olfactory receptor cells

Answer 7

bipolar neuron
dendrite projects to surface of epithelium where it dilates and forms an olfactory vesicle
6-8 nonmotile cilia come from this vesicle and fold themselves flat over surface of the epithelium
function in smell

Question 8

Sustentacular cells

Answer 8

supporting cells
columnar cell with microvilli on apical surface forming brush border
support, nourish, and insulate olfactory neurons
contain lipofuscin

Question 9

Brush cells

Answer 9

has well developed striated border with a bunch of microvilli on apical surface
basal domain makes contact with CN V on basal lamina

Question 10

Basal cells

Answer 10

stem cell that replenishes any other cell types that get lost over time

Question 11

Olfactory (Bowman’s) glands

Answer 11

serous glands

Question 12

Well bodies

Answer 12

erectile venous bodies found within lamina propria of the mucosa
accumulate/engorge themselves with blood on one side of the nasal cavity, help redirect flow so opposite side can recondition itself and rehydrate

Question 13

Respiratory epitheliu

Answer 13

pseudostratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells

Question 14

Seromucous gland

Answer 14

found in laryngeal ventricle (saccule)

secretions are eliminated within the ventricle, flow over surface of true vocal cords to keep them moist

Question 15

Neuroendrocinre cells (cells of Kulchitsky)

Answer 15

can form tumors leading to hypersecretion of hormones

Question 16

Mast cells

Answer 16

when activated they will contrict smooth muscle in airways, making breathing more difficulte

Question 17

______ will increase the number of goblet cells further downstream due to irritation

Answer 17

smoking

Question 18

Where should we find goblet cells?

Answer 18

only down to the level of primary of lobular bronchiole

Question 19

What cells are found in primary or lobular bronchiole

Answer 19

ciliated columnar
ciliated cuboidal
goblet
basal
brush

Question 20

What cells are found in the terminal bronchiole

Answer 20

ciliated cuboidal
non-ciliated cubodial
club cells
brush cells

Question 21

What cells are found in the respiratory bronchiole

Answer 21

ciliate cuboidal
non-ciliated cuboidal
club cells
type I pneumocytes

Question 22

What cells are found in the alveoli

Answer 22

type I pneumocytes

type II pneumocytes

Question 23

Wall layers of trachea and primary bronchus (inner to outer)

Answer 23

mucosa
submucosa with glands
cartilage (and trachealis)

Question 24

Wall layers of intrapulmonary bronchi (inner to outer)

Answer 24

mucosa
muscularis
submuscosa with glands
cartilage
adventitia

Question 25

Wall layers of bronchioles

Answer 25

muscosa muscularis fibroelastic CT layer

Question 26

Lactoferrin

Answer 26

binds and eliminates iron from bacteria that feed on iron | protective and antibacterial

Question 27

lysozyme

Answer 27

destroys bacteria | protective

Question 28

IgA

Answer 28

secreted by glandular cells synthesized by plasma cells in CT of sub-mucosa endocytosed on basal doman, moves through glandular cell then secreted into lumen of duct system to find it's way to surface of mucosa

Question 29

Alpha1-antitrypsin

Answer 29

keep proteases in check that are released when there's a state of inflammation

Question 30

Asthma leads to an increase of

Answer 30

``` mucus thickness of basal lamina thickness of lamina propria thickness of muscularis glands in submucosa ```

Question 31

Changes because of chronic bronchitis

Answer 31

metaplasia in epithelium sqollen, edema, dark staining basophilic cells in the BM hypertrophied muscularis submucosa have far more gland profiles

Question 32

Lobular bronchiole

Answer 32

largest | gives rise to terminal bronchiole

Question 33

As bronchiole gets smaller the epithelium goes from _______ to _______ to ________

Answer 33

pseudostratified simple columnar simple cuboidal

Question 34

What cells are present in the bronchioles

Answer 34

``` globlet cells (in large bronchioles) brush cells ciliated cells non-ciliated cells neuroendocrine club (in smaller bronchioleS) ```

Question 35

Club cells

Answer 35

located in terminal/respiratory bronches produce surfactant-like substance and CC 16 proteins stem cell

Question 36

CC 16 protein

Answer 36

anti-inflammatory | anti-oxidation

Question 37

Type I pneumocytes

Answer 37

large and tan, flattened squamou cells to decrease blood-air barrier/faciliate movement of CO2 occupy large surface area of alveoulus

Question 38

Type II pneumocytes

Answer 38

more cuboidal and have microvilli | more numerous than type 1 but significantly less SA

Question 39

type II alveolar cell fuction

Answer 39

surfactant synthesis and phagocytosis

Question 40

When does surfactant synthesis begin

Answer 40

20-22 weeks gestation

Question 41

_____ stimulate synthesis of surfactant

Answer 41

corticosteroids

Question 42

______ inhibits corticosteroids

Answer 42

insulin | this is why diabetic moms can lead to higher incidence of respiratory distress syndrome

Question 43

What happens to alveolar macrophage during heart failure?

Answer 43

blood damns up heart tissue fluid gets into lumen accumulate hemosiderin

Question 44

What is the blood-air barrier formed by?

Answer 44

surfactant type I alveolar cell basal lamina endothelia