Respiratory System Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
What is the respiratory function of the respiratory system?
A
Oxygen and CO2 exchange
2
Q
What functions make up the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
A
Olfaction, phonation, provide defense, condition air
3
Q
What are the three tiers of the respiratory system?
A
Large, medium, and small particle filters
4
Q
What is an example of something that can get stuck in the large particle filter of the respiratory system?
A
Bug
5
Q
What are examples of things that can get stuck in the medium particle filter of the respiratory system?
A
Dust, pollen
6
Q
What are examples of things that can get stuck in the small particle filter?
A
Bacteria and viruses
7
Q
What surface epithelium makes up the nasal vestibule?
A
Keratinized stratified squamous
8
Q
What glands in the connective tissue can be found in the nasal vestibule?
A
Sebaceous and sweat glands
9
Q
What supports the nasal vestibule?
A
Hyaline cartilage
10
Q
What are the additional features seen in the nasal vestibule?
A
Vibrissae (nose hairs) = large particle filter
11
Q
Where is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity located?
A
Between the limen nasi and superior and middle nasal concha
12
Q
What are the functions of the respiratory portion of the nasal cavity?
A
Warm air
Clean air
Humidify air
Provide defense
13
Q
What is the surface epithelium of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
A
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar (made of goblet cells, basal cells, and dilated columnar cells)
14
Q
What cells is the mucociliary apparatus made of?
A
Goblet and ciliated columnar cells (medium particle filter)
15
Q
What type of glands are found in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
A
Seromucus glands
16
Q
What is the purpose of the mucus of the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
A
Mucociliary clearance
Air humidity
17
Q
In what layer are the glands of the respiratory region located?
A
Lamina propria
18
Q
What are the serous products produced in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
A
Lysozymes, interferons, cytokines, air humidity
19
Q
Lysozymes protect against what substances?
A
Bacteria
20
Q
Interferons protect against what substances?
A
Viruses
21
Q
What is the function of the cytokines in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
A
Recruit defensive cells
22
Q
Where is the small particle filter of the respiratory system found?
A
Respiratory region (serous products)
23
Q
Where is the large particle filter of the respiratory system found?
A
Nasal vestibule
24
Q
Where can the middle particle filter of the respiratory system be found?
A
Mucociliary apparatus
25
What else can be found in the lamina propria?
Cavernous plexus - many large venules (usually partially filled)
26
What are the functions of the cavernous plexus?
Warm air
Humidify air
Provide defense
27
What is the support for the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?
Hyaline cartilage and bone
28
What is the surface epithelium of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory epithelium with supporting and nasal cells, also olfactory neurons
29
What are the effects of increased blood flow on the venules?
Venules enlarge and lamina propria increases in size
| Lumen size decreases and leads to a slight runny nose
30
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
```
Oxygen and CO2 exchange
Olfaction
Phonation
Provide defense
Condition air
```
31
How does increased blood flow affect oxygen levels in the nasal cavity?
Increases oxygen which leads to stimulation is seromucus glands which leads to a more intense runny nose
32
What kind of epithelium is seen in the paranasal sinuses?
Respiratory epithelium
33
Where are paranasal sinuses found?
In the ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxilla bones
34
How do the paranasal sinuses connect to the nasal cavity?
Sinal ostia
35
What is the lamina propria like of the paranasal sinuses?
Thin but has seromucus glands and is quite vascular
36
What is the potential problem with paranasal sinuses?
If small ostia are present, lamina propria can swell and the ostia can become blocked then a sinus infection can thrive
37
What kind of cells are the supporting cells of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
Columnar cells with microvilli
38
What kind of neurons are olfactory neurons?
Bipolar
39
Are olfactory axons myelinated?
No but have a layer of Schwann cells
40
What shape are the basal cells of the olfactory region?
Pyramidal
41
What glands produce a serous material to cleanse the olfactory cilia?
Olfactory "Bowman's" glands
42
What structure provides support in the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
Bone
43
What is the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx?
Respiratory epithelium with mucociliary clearance
44
What is the surface epithelium of the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous
45
What is the surface epithelium of the laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous
46
What are the three parts of the pharynx?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
47
What part of the pharynx does not have tonsils?
Laryngopharynx
48
In what part of the pharynx do we see palatine and lingual tonsils?
Oropharynx
49
In what part of the pharynx do we see the pharyngeal tonsils?
Nasopharynx
50
What type of connective tissue makes up the lamina propria of the pharynx?
Loose connective tissue
51
What is another term for the submucosa of the pharynx?
Pharyngobasilar fascia
52
What is function of the pharyngobasilar fascia?
Added support
53
What is the pharyngobasilar fascia?
Collagen in periosteum of the basilar portion of the occiput blends into the wall of the pharynx
54
What kind of muscle makes up all of the muscularis externa?
Skeletal muscle
55
What is unique about the muscularis externa of the pharynx?
Reversed pattern of muscle layers
56
What is the reversed muscle pattern seen in the pharynx?
Inner longitudinal layer and outer circular muscle layer
57
Where else is the reversed muscular layer pattern seen besides the pharynx?
Ureters
58
What is another name for the adventitia of the pharynx?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
59
What is the buccopharyngeal fascia?
Epimysium of buccinator muscle blends into the adventitia of pharynx
60
What is the function of the adventitia of the pharynx?
Hold pharynx in place
61
Where is the larynx found?
Between the pharynx and trachea
62
What is the surface epithelium of the upper surface of the larynx?
Stratified squamous
63
What makes up the lamina propria of the larynx?
Loose connective tissue with seromucus glands
64
What are the functions of the cartilage of the larynx?
Maintain an open airway
| Aid in sound production (along with skeletal muscle)
65
What are the two types of cartilage seen in the larynx?
Hyaline and elastic
66
What is a good classic example of elastic cartilage of the larynx?
Epiglottis
67
What are the hyaline cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid, cricoid, and inferior arytenoid cartilages
68
What are the elastic cartilages of the larynx?
Epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoid cartilages
69
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Keep food and liquid out of the larynx
70
What is the surface epithelium of the upper surface of the epiglottis?
Stratified squamous
71
What is the surface epithelium of the lower part of the epiglottis?
Transitions into respiratory epithelium
72
What is the surface epithelium of the vestibular folds?
Respiratory epithelium
73
What is the surface epithelium of the laryngeal ventricle?
Stratified squamous
74
What is the surface epithelium of the vocal folds?
Stratified squamous
75
Where is the vocalis muscle located?
Deep to the mucosa
76
What kind of muscle fibers are seen with the vocalis muscle?
Striated
77
What is the function of the vocalis muscle?
Adduct to narrow rima glottidis to allow entrance to vibrate vocal folds to produce phonation
78
What is the surface epithelium of the trachea?
Respiratory
79
What is the function of the brush cells of the trachea?
Maybe chemosensory
80
What is the function of the serous cells of the trachea?
Secretion of a product into lumen but the serous product is unknown
81
Do we see a muscularis mucosa in the trachea?
No (nowhere in the respiratory system)
82
What layer of the trachea has the hyaline cartilage C ring?
Submucosa
83
What makes up the muscularis externa of the trachea?
Modified by individual trachealis muscles
84
What type of muscles are the trachealis muscles?
Smooth
85
What layer anchors the trachea?
Adventitia (connective tissue)
86
The extrapulmonary bronchi are similar to what other respiratory structure?
Trachea
87
What are the structural trends of the bronchi?
Decrease in amount of cartilage, numbers of glands, number of goblet cells, and height of epithelium
88
What kinds of structures increase in the bronchi?
Smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
89
What are the extrapulmonary bronchi?
Primary bronchi
90
What are the intrapulmonary bronchi?
Secondary and tertiary bronchi
91
What is the size of bronchioles?
Less than 1mm
92
What is the epithelium type of bronchioles?
Ciliated columnar with some goblets and Clara cells
93
What is the only location of Clara cells?
Bronchioles
94
Bronchioles are characterized by the absence of what kind of tissues and structures?
Cartilage, seromucus glands
95
What is unique about the smooth muscle in bronchioles?
Complete layer
96
What are the secretory cells in the surface epithelium of the bronchioles?
Clara cells
97
What are the functions of the Clara cells of the bronchioles?
Secrete product to protect epithelium
Produce enzymes which degrade toxins
Regenerate bronchiolar epithelium
Secrete lysozyme and produce a surfactant-type material
98
What is the last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?
Terminal bronchioles
99
What is the epithelium of terminal bronchioles?
Ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal with Clara cells
100
What makes up the lamina propria of terminal bronchioles?
Fibroelastic connective tissue
101
What is the muscle portion of the terminal bronchioles?
1-2 layers of smooth muscle
102
What is the first part of the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles
103
What is the structure of the respiratory bronchioles?
Simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara's and some cilia in places
104
What makes respiratory bronchioles different from terminal bronchioles?
Some simple squamous epithelium making some gas exchange possible in the respiratory bronchioles
105
Which cell type acts as the stem cell for bronchiolar epithelial cells?
Clara cells
106
What are the functions of Clara cells?
Secrete product to protect epithelium
Produce enzymes to degrade toxins
Regenerate bronchiolar epithelium
Secrete lysozyme and produce surfactant-like material
107
What is the general function of the alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and the alveoli?
Gas exchange
108
What type of gap junctions are found between the alveolar type I cells?
Zonula occludens
109
What type of alveolar cell makes up 95% of the alveolar surface?
Alveolar type I
110
What type of alveolar cell can play a role in respiratory distress syndrome?
Alveolar type II
111
What is another name for both alveolar type I and alveolar type II cells?
Type I and type II pneumocytes
112
Which type of alveolar cell is the last to be fully functional in a developing fetus?
Alveolar type II
113
What is the cell shape of alveolar type II cells?
Cuboidal
114
What are the general functions of alveolar type II cells?
Produce pulmonary surfactant
Stem cell for alveolar type I and II
Produce lysozymes
115
What is the general function of alveolar type I cells?
Gas exchange
116
Which type of alveolar cell produces surfactant?
Alveolar type II
117
Alveolar macrophages are derived from what cells?
Monocytes
118
What are the general functions of alveolar macrophages?
Clean septal walls using phagocytosis
| Produce lysozymes
119
Where is the interalveolar septum located?
Between two alveoli
120
What are the parts of the interalveolar septum?
Continuous capillaries
Basal lamina
Small amount of connective tissue with MANY elastic fibers
Alveolar type I and type II cells
121
What cell types are seen in the interalveolar septum?
Fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and mast cells
122
What is the region where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass between the air and the blood?
Blood-Gas barrier
123
What are the parts (in order) of the blood-gas barrier?
Pulmonary surfactant
Alveolar type I
Fused basal lamina
Endothelial cells
124
The fused basal lamina of the blood-gas barrier is between what cell types?
Alveolar type I and endothelial cells in capillaries
125
What provides the most efficient gas exchange?
Minimum diffusion barrier
126
What provides fibers that relax bronchial smooth muscle to lead to bronchiodilation?
Thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia
127
Sympathetic fibers also have an constrictive effect on what layer of the pulmonary blood vessels?
Tunica media (smooth muscle)
128
What provides fibers that contract bronchial smooth muscle to lead to bronchoconstriction?
Vagus nerve (parasympathetic fibers)
129
Stimulation of what part of the autonomic nervous system results in bronchial relaxation and bronchiodilation?
Sympathetic
130
Stimulation of what part of the autonomic nervous system results in bronchial contraction and bronchioconstriction?
Parasympathetic
131
Which type of alveolar cells appear to synapse with nerve fibers?
Type II
132
Since alveolar type II cells appear to synapse with nerve fibers, production of what substance could be under neural influence?
Pulmonary surfactant
133
Why is increased mucus production a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?
Number of goblet cells increased during metaplasia
134
Why is increased fluid production a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?
Seromucus glands increase in size
135
Why does congestion increase as a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?
Decreased cilia due to damage, ciliated columnar cell numbers decrease
136
How does the surface epithelium change during chronic exposure to irritants and coughing in the upper respiratory tract?
Change from respiratory epithelium to stratified squamous (metaplasia)
137
What is another name for respiratory distress syndrome?
Hyaline membrane disease
138
What is the cause of RDS in newborns?
Too few mature and functioning alveolar type II cells
| Not enough surfactant
139
How is elastin affected by emphysema?
Decreased (therefore decrease in alveolar elasticity)
140
How is the surface area for gas exchange affected by emphysema?
Decreased
141
Is emphysema reversible?
NO
142
What can cause emphysema?
Inflammation from irritants, infections, smoking
| Genetic condition
143
What is the mechanism of action of inflammation-induced emphysema?
Macrophages and neutrophils are attracted to the area and secrete elastase which destroys elastic fibers
144
What is the mechanism of action for the genetic condition that causes emphysema?
Hepatocytes produce but cannot release alpha-antitrypsin which is a natural protector of elastic fibers in the lungs; therefore, elastic fibers are destroyed
145
What is the genetic pattern of the condition that can cause emphysema?
Autosomal dominant: if heterozygous, affected somewhat; if homozygous, affected greatly
146
What provides fibers that relax bronchial smooth muscle to lead to bronchiodilation?
Thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia
147
Sympathetic fibers also have an constrictive effect on what layer of the pulmonary blood vessels?
Tunica media (smooth muscle)
148
What provides fibers that contract bronchial smooth muscle to lead to bronchoconstriction?
Vagus nerve (parasympathetic fibers)
149
Stimulation of what part of the autonomic nervous system results in bronchial relaxation and bronchiodilation?
Sympathetic
150
Stimulation of what part of the autonomic nervous system results in bronchial constriction and bronchioconstriction?
Parasympathetic
151
Which type of alveolar cells appear to synapse with nerve fibers?
Type II
152
Since alveolar type II cells appear to synapse with nerve fibers, production of what substance could be under neural influence?
Pulmonary surfactant
153
Why is increased mucus production a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?
Number of goblet cells increased during metaplasia
154
Why is increased fluid production a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?
Seromucus glands increase in size
155
Why does congestion increase as a result from chronic exposure to irritants of the upper respiratory tract?
Decreased cilia due to damage
156
How does the surface epithelium change during chronic exposure to irritants in the upper respiratory tract?
Change from respiratory epithelium to stratified squamous
157
What is another name for respiratory distress syndrome?
Hyaline membrane disease
158
What is the cause of RDS in newborns?
Too few mature and functioning alveolar type II cells
| Not enough surfactant
159
How is elastin affected by emphysema?
Decreased (therefore decrease in alveolar elasticity)
160
How is the surface area for gas exchange affected by emphysema?
Decreased
161
Is emphysema reversible?
NO
162
What can cause emphysema?
Inflammation from irritants, infections, smoking
| Genetic condition
163
What is the mechanism of action of inflammation-induced emphysema?
Macrophages and neutrophils are attracted to the area and secrete elastase which destroys elastic fibers
164
What is the mechanism of action for the genetic condition that causes emphysema?
Hepatocytes produce but cannot release alpha-AT which is a natural protector of elastic fibers in the lungs; therefore, elastic fibers are destroyed
165
What is the genetic pattern of the condition that can cause emphysema?
Autosomal dominant: if heterozygous, affected somewhat; if homozygous, affected greatly
166
What are the two treatments for RDS?
Artificial surfactant or gluticosteroids to induce surfactant production
167
What is the function of alpha 1-antitrypsin?
Protects elastic fibers in the respiratory system
168
What produces alpha 1-antitrypsin?
Hepatocytes in the liver
169
How does cigarette smoke affect alpha 1-antitrypsin?
Free radicals inactivate it
