The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the looser connective tissue layer of the endocardium?

A

Fibroelastic connective tissue

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2
Q

What types of tissues and fibers make up the dense irregular connective tissue layer of the endocardium?

A

More collagen I and elastic fibers and some smooth muscles (for support not contraction)

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3
Q

What is a term used to describe the looser connective tissue layer and dense irregular layers of the endocardium?

A

Sub-endothelium connective tissue layer

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4
Q

What makes up the sub-endocardial layer of the endocardium?

A

Looser connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves

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5
Q

Where are the Purkinje fibers located in the endocardium?

A

Within the sub-endocardium

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6
Q

What are Purkinje fibers?

A

Modified cardiac myocytes

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7
Q

What substance is stored in the Purkinje fibers?

A

Glycogen

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8
Q

How are Purkinje fibers attached?

A

Gap junctions and desmosomes

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9
Q

What is the function of the Purkinje fibers?

A

To conduct contraction impulse rapidly

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10
Q

What chambers of the heart have less muscle and more elastic fibers?

A

Atria

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11
Q

What chambers of the heart have well-developed cardiac muscle layer?

A

Ventricles

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12
Q

What portion of the intercalated discs are the risers of the stairs?

A

Transverse

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13
Q

What portion of the intercalated discs are the steps of the stairs?

A

Longitudinal portion

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14
Q

What cell junctions make up the transverse portion of the intercalated discs?

A

Macula adherens and fascia adherens

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15
Q

What portion of the intercalated discs have large gap junctions which enable the flow of ions for contraction?

A

Longitudinal portion

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16
Q

What is the function of the macula adherens in the transverse portion of the intercalated discs?

A

Attach cardiomyocytes in a row

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17
Q

What is the function of fascia adherens in the transverse portion of the intercalated discs?

A

Attach and stabilize myofibrils

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18
Q

What are the three functions of the intercalated discs?

A

Arrange cardiac myocytes in a row, attach and stabilize myofibrils, cell to cell communication/transfer of ions

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19
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on heart rate and contraction force?

A

Increased

20
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heartbeat and contraction strength?

A

Slowed and decreased

21
Q

What are the specialized cardiac cells that have an endocrine function in the atria and interventricular septum?

A

Myoendocrine cells

22
Q

What are the endocrine functions of the myoendocrine cells and what organs or structures do they target?

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance (target the kidneys)

Decrease blood pressure (target the small arteries and arterioles)

23
Q

What is another name for the epicardium?

A

Visceral pericardium

24
Q

What is another name for the pericardium?

A

Serous pericardium

25
Q

What makes up the sub-epicardial fibroelastic connective tissue layer of the visceral pericardium?

A

Coronary vessels, nerves, sometimes adipose

26
Q

What part of the epicardium secretes a serious lubricating fluid?

A

Mesothelium

27
Q

What are the two parts of the parietal pericardium?

A

Mesothelium and a layer of fibroelastic connective tissue

28
Q

What type of cells make up the endothelium of the endocardium of the heart?

A

Simple squamous cells

29
Q

What layers make up the pericardial sac?

A

Parietal pericardium and fibrous pericardium

30
Q

What is the volume of the pericardial cavity?

A

About 15-50 milliliters

31
Q

The pericardial cavity is located in between what layers?

A

Parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium

32
Q

What is the general valve histology of the heart?

A

Endothelium with dense irregular tissue below made of collagen I and elastic fibers (almost avascular)

33
Q

What type of connective tissue primarily makes up the cardiac skeleton?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

34
Q

What are the three main components of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Annuli fibrosi, trigonum fibrosum, septum membranaceum

35
Q

Where is the annuli fibrosi located in the cardiac skeleton?

A

Around the base of the aorta, pulmonary arteries, and openings to the chambers

36
Q

Where can the trigonum fibrosum of the cardiac skeleton be found?

A

By cusps of aortic valve

37
Q

Where can the septum membranaceum of the cardiac skeleton be found?

A

Upper portion of interventricular septum

38
Q

What is the function of the septum membranaceum?

A

Origin and insertion of cardiac myocytes

39
Q

What type of connective tissue is associated with chordae tendinae?

A

Dense regular connective tissue (because it’s tendon-like)

40
Q

What is the overall function of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Isolates atrial and ventricular myocardia to ensure individual chamber contractions

41
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain usually brought on by exertion

42
Q

What is the cause of angina?

A

Slow progressive narrowing of the coronary vessels (therefore less oxygen)

43
Q

What is dysrhythmia of the heart?

A

Abnormal heart rhythms

44
Q

What is the cause of dysrhythmia?

A

Damage or death occurs to Purkinje fibers and other conducting tissues

45
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of the pericardial cavity and therefore inflammation of the serous pericardium