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A&P 2 Exam 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(173 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 processes of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport
Internal respiration

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2
Q

Describe pulmonary ventilation

A

Moving are in/ out of lungs

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3
Q

Describe external respiration

A

Gas exchange between the lungs and blood

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4
Q

Describe transport

A

Transport Oxygen and CO2 between lungs and tissues

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5
Q

Describe internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood vessels and tissues

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6
Q

What are the 2 zones of the respiratory system

A

Respiratory zone

Conducting zone

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7
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of

A

Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

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8
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone

A

Site of Gas exchange

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9
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone

A

Conduits for air to reach the respiratory zone

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10
Q

What does the conductive Zone consist of

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea

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11
Q

List the functions of the nose

A 
Airway
Moisten and warm air
Filter air
Resonating chamber
Olfactory receptors
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12
Q

What bones make up the external nose

A

Nasal
Frontal
Maxillary

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13
Q

Where does the nasal cavity open into

A

Nasal pharynx

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14
Q

What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity

What forms the floor

A

Roof: Ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Floor: hard and soft palate

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15
Q

What lines the superior nasal cavity

A

Olfactory mucosa

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16
Q

What lines most of the nasal cavity

A

Respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

What does the respiratory mucosa secrete

A

Lysozyme

Defensins

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18
Q

Describe the function of the conchae

A

Increase mucosal area
Enhance air turbulence
Help filter

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19
Q

Where is the nasal vestibule

A

Cavity superior to the nares

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20
Q

What is the function of the sinuses

A

Lighten the skull

Help warm and moisten air

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21
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Tube of skeletal muscle that connects the nasal cavity and mouth
And larynx and esophagus

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22
Q

Where does pharynx extend from

A

Base of skull

To 6th cervical vertebra

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23
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx

A

Naso
Oro
Laryngo

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24
Q

What area if pharynx is strictly for air

A

Naso

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25
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils
Nasopharynx
26
Where does the auditory tube open to
Nasopharynx
27
Where Does the oropharynx extend from
Soft palate to epiglottis
28
Where does the nasopharynx extend from
Nasal cavity to soft palate
29
What is the opening to the oropharynx called
The fauces | From oral cavity to oropharynx
30
Where are the palatine tonsils located
Oropharynx | Lateral walls of the fauces
31
Where are the lingual tonsils
Oropharynx | Base of tongue
32
What is the oropharynx a pathways for
Food | Air
33
What is the laryngopharyx a pathway for
Food | Air
34
Where does the laryngopharyx extend from
Epiglottis to larynx
35
Where do the respiratory and digestive systems diverge
Larynx
36
Where does the larynx extend from
laryngopharynx to trachea
37
What are the functions of the larynx
Airway Route air and food properly Voice production
38
What are some of the key larynx cartilages
Thyroid cartilage Laryngeal prominence Cricoid cartilage
39
Describe the epiglottis
Elastic cartilage that covers the the laryngeal inlet
40
Describe the vocal ligaments
Elastic fibers that form mucosal folds- true vocal cords
41
Describe the false vocal cords
Mucosal folds superior to true cords | No sounds production
42
What is speech
Release of air while opening and closing glottis
43
What determines pitch
Length and tension of vocal cords
44
How does the pharynx influence vocal production
It resonates Amplifies And enhances sound
45
What determines loudness
Force of air rushing through the cords
46
When is the larynx closed
Coughing Sneezing Valsalvas
47
Describe valsalvas maneuver
Air is held in by closing the glottis Intraabdominal pressure increases Help poop Help stabilize trunk
48
Where does trachea extend from
Larynx to mediastinum
49
What are the 3 layers Of the trachea
Mucosa Sub mucosa Adventitia
50
What is trachea mucosa made of
Goblet cells | Ciliated epithelium
51
What is trachea sub mucosa made of
Connective tissue
52
What is trachea adventitia made of
C shaped cartilage rings
53
What is the carina
Last tracheal cartilage ring | Marks beginning of bronchi
54
How many branches does the bronchi go through
23 orders
55
What happens to air reaching the bronchi
Warmed and cleansed | Saturated with water vapor
56
What do the walls of the bronchi mimic
Trachea walls
57
What changes to the bronchi structure as they get smaller
Cartilage changes Epithelium type changes Amount of smooth muscle increases
58
What is the structure of bronchioles
Cuboidal epithelium Circular smooth muscle Lack cartilage and mucus producing
59
When does the respiratory zone begin
As terminal bronchioles go into respiratory bronchioles
60
What do the respiratory bronchioles lead to
Alveolar ducts | Then to terminal Clusters of alveolar sacs
61
What accounts for most of the lungs volume
Alveoli | Tremendous surface area
62
What are special features of alveoli
Surrounded by elastic fibers | Contain pores to. Connect each other
63
What is an important function of the alveoli pores
To equalize air pressure in lung
64
What is the air blood barrier composed of
Alveolar and capillary walls | Fused basal laminas
65
What is the respiratory membrane composed of
Air blood barrier Alveolar walls Surfactant
66
Describe the alveolar walls
Single layer of type one epithelial Type two cells House Macrophages
67
How does the respiratory membrane form follow function
Thin walls permit gas diffusion
68
What do type 1 cells secrete
Angiotensin converting enzyme Ace
69
What do type 2 cells secrete
Surfactant
70
What is the liquid coating of the alveolar surface trying to do
Reduce alveoli to smallest size
71
What is the function of surfactant
Reduce surface tension | Keep alveoli from collapsing
72
What does the hilus contain
Pulmonary and systemic vessels
73
How many lobes does right lung have
3 | Oblique and horizontal fissures
74
How many loves does left lung have
2 | Cardiac notch
75
Parietal pleura covers
Thoracic wall | Around heart and between lungs
76
Visceral pleura covers
The external lung surface
77
What is pulmonary ventilation
Moving air in and out of the lungs
78
What does pulmonary ventilation depend on
Volume changes in the thoracic cavity
79
What do volume changes lead to
Pressure changes | Causes has flow to equalize pressure
80
What law describe the relationship of gas and pressure
Boyles law
81
Occurs for quiet inspiration
Diaphragm lowers to increase volume | External intercostals contact and ribs rise
82
What occurs during quiet expiration
Diaphragm relaxes- rises External intercostals drop ribs Thoracic volume decreased Passive process- relax
83
Describe forced inspiration
Diaphragm contracts and lowers- increase volume Ribs rise Many muscles involved
84
What muscles are involved with forced inspiration
External intercostals Pectoralis minor Scalenes Sternocloidomastiod
85
Describe forced expiration
Diaphragm relaxes and rises Abdominal wall contracts pushing diaphragm higher Internal intercostals contract dropping ribs Thoracic volume decreased
86
How is respiratory pressure described
Relative to atmospheric pressure
87
Where is the intrapulmonary pressure
Within the alveoli
88
Where is the intrapleural pressure
Within the pleural cavity
89
What pressure fluctuates with breathing
Intrapulmonary | Equalizes with atmospheric pressure
90
What pressure is always less | Intrapleural or intrapulmonary
Intrapleural pressure
91
Why do lungs expand
Due to the elasticity of thoracic wall | Lungs press against wall
92
What causes a pneumothorax
The intrapleural pressure equalizing with pulmonary Caused by a hole Lung collapses
93
What 3 major principles govern airflow
Flow from Higher to lower pressure Changes in volume result in changes in pressure Changes in tube diameter change resistance
94
Where is the major source of resistance
Medium sized bronchi
95
Why is resistance not high in bronchioles
There are many of them | Compensate for small diameter
96
What happens to breathing as resistance increased
Breathing becomes more strenuous
97
What can cause obstructed bronchioles
Asthma attack Cured with epinephrine Dilate bronchioles
98
List the 4 respiratory volumes
Tidal Inspiration reserve Expiratory reserve Residual
99
Tidal volume
air into and out of lungs each breath
100
Inspiratory reserve volume
Air that can inspired forcibly beyond tidal inspiration
101
Expiratory reserve volume
Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after tidal expiration
102
Residual volume
Air left in lungs after forced expiration
103
List the 4 respiratory capacities
Inspiratory Functional residual Vital Total lung
104
Inspiratory capacity
Total amount of air inspired after a tidal expiration Irv Tv
105
Functional residual capacity
Amount of air remaining after tidal expiration Rv Erv
106
Vital capacity
Amount of exchangeable air Tv Irv Erv
107
Total lung capacity
Sum of all lung volumes
108
What can a spirometer distinguish between
Obstructive pulmonary disease | Restrictive disorders
109
What is obstructive pulmonary disease
Increased resistance
110
What is a restrictive disorder
Reduction in lung capacity from lung changes
111
What is dypsnea
Labored breathing | Gets progressively worse
112
What does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cause
Dypsnea Coughing Infection Prevents air from leaving lungs- hyperinflate
113
What increases when lungs hyperinflate
TLC FRC RV
114
What are 2 forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Describe each
Emphysema- alveoli loose elasticity | Chronic bronchitis- airways thick and clogged shallow breaths
115
What is a common trigger of COPD
Smoking
116
What are restrictive disorders caused by
TB Asbestos Reduced amount of healthy lungs
117
What volumes and capacities change from restrictive disorders
``` Reduction of VC TLC FRC RV ```
118
What is Dalton's law
Pressure exerted by gases is sum of partial pressures
119
What is henrys law
Each gas dissolves in liquid according to its partial pressure
120
What influences how gas dissolves
Partial pressure Temperature Solubility
121
What has is most soluble
Carbon sioxide
122
What has is practically insoluble
Nitrogen
123
What mixture of air do alveoli contain
Inspired air and air from previous cycle | Higher in CO2 than atm
124
5 reasons diffusion Is efficient at respiratory membrane
``` Distance is small Gas is lipid soluble Huge surface area Blood flow and air flow are coordinated Differences in partial pressure ```
125
Describe ventilation perfusion coupling
Blood flow greatest around alveoli with most o2 | Bronchioles dilate when co2 is high
126
What is the partial pressure of o2 in venous blood
40
127
What is Po2 in alveoli
104
128
What gas has a high gradient
O2 Higher in alveoli Blood is oxygenated as if flows past alveoli
129
What compensates for lower co2 gradient
Solubility in plasma | Allows it to diffuse in equal to 02
130
What is the o2 pressure gradient between blood and tissues
Low in tissue | High o2 in blood
131
What are the pressures of o2 and co2 in the blood
O2 40 mm | Co2 45 mm
132
What influences the 02 saturation of Hb
The pressure of o2 | More oxygen= more affinity
133
When is Hb almost completely saturated
At 70 mm
134
What is significant about the total Hb saturation point
It is low enough that Hb can be fully saturated even when o2 levels Are low
135
How much o2 is unloaded in one cycle
20- 25%
136
Why is the partial unloading of o2 important
Respiratory rate doesn't need to increase for more 02 to reach the tissues More can dissociate
137
What happens to Hb saturation as temp rises
It releases more 02 | Curve shifts right
138
What happens to Hb saturation when temp decreases
Binds o2 tightly | Curve shifts left
139
What occurs as cells use 02
Increase co2 Increase H Decline Ph Acidosis
140
What does an increases ph do to Hb saturation
Weakens Hb oxygen bond Increased unloading Bohr effect
141
What 3 forms is co2 transported in blood
Plasma 10% Bound to globin 20% Bicarbonate 70%
142
Where does the change of Co2 to bicarbonate take place
RBC | Via carbonic anhydrase
143
Where is bicarbonate transported
In the plasma
144
Describe how co2 changes into bicarbonate
Co2 with water= carbonic acid Carbonic acid dissociatates into H and bicarbonate Via carbonic anhydrase
145
What is the chloride shift
In RBC Bicarbonate out Chloride in
146
What does a low ph enhance
Oxygen unloading- Bohr
147
What takes place for gas trabsport when blood reaches lungs
Bicarbonate becomes co2 again- in RBC | Co2 diffuses into alveoli
148
Describe the haldene effect
Amount of co2 transported depends on o2
149
When does co2 get transported best
When low ph Less affinity for oxygen Co2 can bind
150
What occurs if H increases in blood
H is removed by binding to bicarbonate
151
What happens when H declines in blood
Carbonic acid dissociates | Releasing H
152
What does hypo ventilation cause
Co2 accumulates Carbonic acid increase Ph drops Acidosis
153
What does hyperventilation cause
Flushes co2 out Reduces carbonic acid Increase ph Alkalosis
154
When does hyperventilation occur
To compensate for acidosis
155
Responsibility of pins respiratory center
Smooth inspiration/ expiration | Modify medulla activity
156
What is the pacesetting respiratory center
VRG
157
What does VRG do during inspiration
Fire neurons exciting muscles
158
What happens to VRG during hypoxia
Gasping
159
What can inhibit VRG
Morphine | Alcohol
160
Function of DRG
Integrate input form peripheral receptors to VRG
161
Where are central receptors
Medulla
162
Where are peripheral receptors
Blood vessels of neck
163
What are the 3 most important chemical stimuli
Co2 O2 H
164
What monitors co2 levels
Indirectly central receptors | Via H ion concentration
165
When is hyperventilating a proper response
Rising co2 levels CSF has High H Ph drop
166
What happens when hyperventilation is not proper response
Low co2 levels Reduced brain perfusion Fainting
167
What monitors o2 levels
Peripheral receptors | In aortic and carotid
168
How large of an o2 drop is needed for peripheral receptors to stimulate increased ventilation
To 60mm or lower | Substantial drop
169
When does ph level modify respiratoryp rate
When ph is too high or low | Even if carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal
170
What are some causes of acidosis
Carbon dioxide retention Accumulation of lactic acid Excess ketone or fatty acid- DM
171
What receptor type responds to Ph
Peripheral
172
What type of breathing does hypothalamus control
Emotional | Limbic
173
What type of breathing Does cortex control
Voluntary | Bypass medulla control

A&P 2 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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