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A&P 2 Exam 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 processes of respiration

A

Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Transport
Internal respiration

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2
Q

Describe pulmonary ventilation

A

Moving are in/ out of lungs

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3
Q

Describe external respiration

A

Gas exchange between the lungs and blood

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4
Q

Describe transport

A

Transport Oxygen and CO2 between lungs and tissues

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5
Q

Describe internal respiration

A

Gas exchange between blood vessels and tissues

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6
Q

What are the 2 zones of the respiratory system

A

Respiratory zone

Conducting zone

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7
Q

What does the respiratory zone consist of

A

Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

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8
Q

What is the function of the respiratory zone

A

Site of Gas exchange

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9
Q

What is the function of the conducting zone

A

Conduits for air to reach the respiratory zone

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10
Q

What does the conductive Zone consist of

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Pharynx
Trachea

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11
Q

List the functions of the nose

A 
Airway
Moisten and warm air
Filter air
Resonating chamber
Olfactory receptors
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12
Q

What bones make up the external nose

A

Nasal
Frontal
Maxillary

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13
Q

Where does the nasal cavity open into

A

Nasal pharynx

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14
Q

What bones form the roof of the nasal cavity

What forms the floor

A

Roof: Ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Floor: hard and soft palate

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15
Q

What lines the superior nasal cavity

A

Olfactory mucosa

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16
Q

What lines most of the nasal cavity

A

Respiratory mucosa

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17
Q

What does the respiratory mucosa secrete

A

Lysozyme

Defensins

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18
Q

Describe the function of the conchae

A

Increase mucosal area
Enhance air turbulence
Help filter

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19
Q

Where is the nasal vestibule

A

Cavity superior to the nares

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20
Q

What is the function of the sinuses

A

Lighten the skull

Help warm and moisten air

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21
Q

What is the pharynx

A

Tube of skeletal muscle that connects the nasal cavity and mouth
And larynx and esophagus

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22
Q

Where does pharynx extend from

A

Base of skull

To 6th cervical vertebra

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23
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx

A

Naso
Oro
Laryngo

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24
Q

What area if pharynx is strictly for air

A

Naso

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25
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils

A

Nasopharynx

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26
Q

Where does the auditory tube open to

A

Nasopharynx

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27
Q

Where Does the oropharynx extend from

A

Soft palate to epiglottis

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28
Q

Where does the nasopharynx extend from

A

Nasal cavity to soft palate

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29
Q

What is the opening to the oropharynx called

A

The fauces

From oral cavity to oropharynx

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30
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located

A

Oropharynx

Lateral walls of the fauces

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31
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils

A

Oropharynx

Base of tongue

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32
Q

What is the oropharynx a pathways for

A

Food

Air

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33
Q

What is the laryngopharyx a pathway for

A

Food

Air

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34
Q

Where does the laryngopharyx extend from

A

Epiglottis to larynx

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35
Q

Where do the respiratory and digestive systems diverge

A

Larynx

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36
Q

Where does the larynx extend from

A

laryngopharynx to trachea

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37
Q

What are the functions of the larynx

A

Airway
Route air and food properly
Voice production

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38
Q

What are some of the key larynx cartilages

A

Thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
Cricoid cartilage

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39
Q

Describe the epiglottis

A

Elastic cartilage that covers the the laryngeal inlet

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40
Q

Describe the vocal ligaments

A

Elastic fibers that form mucosal folds- true vocal cords

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41
Q

Describe the false vocal cords

A

Mucosal folds superior to true cords

No sounds production

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42
Q

What is speech

A

Release of air while opening and closing glottis

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43
Q

What determines pitch

A

Length and tension of vocal cords

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44
Q

How does the pharynx influence vocal production

A

It resonates
Amplifies
And enhances sound

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45
Q

What determines loudness

A

Force of air rushing through the cords

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46
Q

When is the larynx closed

A

Coughing
Sneezing
Valsalvas

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47
Q

Describe valsalvas maneuver

A

Air is held in by closing the glottis
Intraabdominal pressure increases
Help poop
Help stabilize trunk

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48
Q

Where does trachea extend from

A

Larynx to mediastinum

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49
Q

What are the 3 layers Of the trachea

A

Mucosa
Sub mucosa
Adventitia

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50
Q

What is trachea mucosa made of

A

Goblet cells

Ciliated epithelium

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51
Q

What is trachea sub mucosa made of

A

Connective tissue

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52
Q

What is trachea adventitia made of

A

C shaped cartilage rings

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53
Q

What is the carina

A

Last tracheal cartilage ring

Marks beginning of bronchi

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54
Q

How many branches does the bronchi go through

A

23 orders

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55
Q

What happens to air reaching the bronchi

A

Warmed and cleansed

Saturated with water vapor

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56
Q

What do the walls of the bronchi mimic

A

Trachea walls

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57
Q

What changes to the bronchi structure as they get smaller

A

Cartilage changes
Epithelium type changes
Amount of smooth muscle increases

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58
Q

What is the structure of bronchioles

A

Cuboidal epithelium
Circular smooth muscle
Lack cartilage and mucus producing

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59
Q

When does the respiratory zone begin

A

As terminal bronchioles go into respiratory bronchioles

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60
Q

What do the respiratory bronchioles lead to

A

Alveolar ducts

Then to terminal Clusters of alveolar sacs

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61
Q

What accounts for most of the lungs volume

A

Alveoli

Tremendous surface area

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62
Q

What are special features of alveoli

A

Surrounded by elastic fibers

Contain pores to. Connect each other

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63
Q

What is an important function of the alveoli pores

A

To equalize air pressure in lung

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64
Q

What is the air blood barrier composed of

A

Alveolar and capillary walls

Fused basal laminas

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65
Q

What is the respiratory membrane composed of

A

Air blood barrier
Alveolar walls
Surfactant

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66
Q

Describe the alveolar walls

A

Single layer of type one epithelial
Type two cells
House Macrophages

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67
Q

How does the respiratory membrane form follow function

A

Thin walls permit gas diffusion

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68
Q

What do type 1 cells secrete

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme Ace

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69
Q

What do type 2 cells secrete

A

Surfactant

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70
Q

What is the liquid coating of the alveolar surface trying to do

A

Reduce alveoli to smallest size

71
Q

What is the function of surfactant

A

Reduce surface tension

Keep alveoli from collapsing

72
Q

What does the hilus contain

A

Pulmonary and systemic vessels

73
Q

How many lobes does right lung have

A

3

Oblique and horizontal fissures

74
Q

How many loves does left lung have

A

2

Cardiac notch

75
Q

Parietal pleura covers

A

Thoracic wall

Around heart and between lungs

76
Q

Visceral pleura covers

A

The external lung surface

77
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation

A

Moving air in and out of the lungs

78
Q

What does pulmonary ventilation depend on

A

Volume changes in the thoracic cavity

79
Q

What do volume changes lead to

A

Pressure changes

Causes has flow to equalize pressure

80
Q

What law describe the relationship of gas and pressure

A

Boyles law

81
Q

Occurs for quiet inspiration

A

Diaphragm lowers to increase volume

External intercostals contact and ribs rise

82
Q

What occurs during quiet expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes- rises
External intercostals drop ribs
Thoracic volume decreased
Passive process- relax

83
Q

Describe forced inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts and lowers- increase volume
Ribs rise
Many muscles involved

84
Q

What muscles are involved with forced inspiration

A

External intercostals
Pectoralis minor
Scalenes
Sternocloidomastiod

85
Q

Describe forced expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes and rises
Abdominal wall contracts pushing diaphragm higher
Internal intercostals contract dropping ribs
Thoracic volume decreased

86
Q

How is respiratory pressure described

A

Relative to atmospheric pressure

87
Q

Where is the intrapulmonary pressure

A

Within the alveoli

88
Q

Where is the intrapleural pressure

A

Within the pleural cavity

89
Q

What pressure fluctuates with breathing

A

Intrapulmonary

Equalizes with atmospheric pressure

90
Q

What pressure is always less

Intrapleural or intrapulmonary

A

Intrapleural pressure

91
Q

Why do lungs expand

A

Due to the elasticity of thoracic wall

Lungs press against wall

92
Q

What causes a pneumothorax

A

The intrapleural pressure equalizing with pulmonary
Caused by a hole
Lung collapses

93
Q

What 3 major principles govern airflow

A

Flow from Higher to lower pressure
Changes in volume result in changes in pressure
Changes in tube diameter change resistance

94
Q

Where is the major source of resistance

A

Medium sized bronchi

95
Q

Why is resistance not high in bronchioles

A

There are many of them

Compensate for small diameter

96
Q

What happens to breathing as resistance increased

A

Breathing becomes more strenuous

97
Q

What can cause obstructed bronchioles

A

Asthma attack
Cured with epinephrine
Dilate bronchioles

98
Q

List the 4 respiratory volumes

A

Tidal
Inspiration reserve
Expiratory reserve
Residual

99
Q

Tidal volume

A

air into and out of lungs each breath

100
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Air that can inspired forcibly beyond tidal inspiration

101
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Air that can be evacuated from the lungs after tidal expiration

102
Q

Residual volume

A

Air left in lungs after forced expiration

103
Q

List the 4 respiratory capacities

A

Inspiratory
Functional residual
Vital
Total lung

104
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Total amount of air inspired after a tidal expiration
Irv
Tv

105
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

Amount of air remaining after tidal expiration
Rv
Erv

106
Q

Vital capacity

A

Amount of exchangeable air
Tv
Irv
Erv

107
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Sum of all lung volumes

108
Q

What can a spirometer distinguish between

A

Obstructive pulmonary disease

Restrictive disorders

109
Q

What is obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Increased resistance

110
Q

What is a restrictive disorder

A

Reduction in lung capacity from lung changes

111
Q

What is dypsnea

A

Labored breathing

Gets progressively worse

112
Q

What does chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cause

A

Dypsnea
Coughing
Infection
Prevents air from leaving lungs- hyperinflate

113
Q

What increases when lungs hyperinflate

A

TLC
FRC
RV

114
Q

What are 2 forms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Describe each

A

Emphysema- alveoli loose elasticity

Chronic bronchitis- airways thick and clogged shallow breaths

115
Q

What is a common trigger of COPD

A

Smoking

116
Q

What are restrictive disorders caused by

A

TB
Asbestos
Reduced amount of healthy lungs

117
Q

What volumes and capacities change from restrictive disorders

A 
Reduction of
VC
TLC
FRC
RV
118
Q

What is Dalton’s law

A

Pressure exerted by gases is sum of partial pressures

119
Q

What is henrys law

A

Each gas dissolves in liquid according to its partial pressure

120
Q

What influences how gas dissolves

A

Partial pressure
Temperature
Solubility

121
Q

What has is most soluble

A

Carbon sioxide

122
Q

What has is practically insoluble

A

Nitrogen

123
Q

What mixture of air do alveoli contain

A

Inspired air and air from previous cycle

Higher in CO2 than atm

124
Q

5 reasons diffusion Is efficient at respiratory membrane

A 
Distance is small
Gas is lipid soluble
Huge surface area
Blood flow and air flow are coordinated
Differences in partial pressure
125
Q

Describe ventilation perfusion coupling

A

Blood flow greatest around alveoli with most o2

Bronchioles dilate when co2 is high

126
Q

What is the partial pressure of o2 in venous blood

A

40

127
Q

What is Po2 in alveoli

A

104

128
Q

What gas has a high gradient

A

O2
Higher in alveoli
Blood is oxygenated as if flows past alveoli

129
Q

What compensates for lower co2 gradient

A

Solubility in plasma

Allows it to diffuse in equal to 02

130
Q

What is the o2 pressure gradient between blood and tissues

A

Low in tissue

High o2 in blood

131
Q

What are the pressures of o2 and co2 in the blood

A

O2 40 mm

Co2 45 mm

132
Q

What influences the 02 saturation of Hb

A

The pressure of o2

More oxygen= more affinity

133
Q

When is Hb almost completely saturated

A

At 70 mm

134
Q

What is significant about the total Hb saturation point

A

It is low enough that Hb can be fully saturated even when o2 levels Are low

135
Q

How much o2 is unloaded in one cycle

A

20- 25%

136
Q

Why is the partial unloading of o2 important

A

Respiratory rate doesn’t need to increase for more 02 to reach the tissues
More can dissociate

137
Q

What happens to Hb saturation as temp rises

A

It releases more 02

Curve shifts right

138
Q

What happens to Hb saturation when temp decreases

A

Binds o2 tightly

Curve shifts left

139
Q

What occurs as cells use 02

A

Increase co2
Increase H
Decline Ph
Acidosis

140
Q

What does an increases ph do to Hb saturation

A

Weakens Hb oxygen bond
Increased unloading
Bohr effect

141
Q

What 3 forms is co2 transported in blood

A

Plasma 10%
Bound to globin 20%
Bicarbonate 70%

142
Q

Where does the change of Co2 to bicarbonate take place

A

RBC

Via carbonic anhydrase

143
Q

Where is bicarbonate transported

A

In the plasma

144
Q

Describe how co2 changes into bicarbonate

A

Co2 with water= carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociatates into H and bicarbonate
Via carbonic anhydrase

145
Q

What is the chloride shift

A

In RBC
Bicarbonate out
Chloride in

146
Q

What does a low ph enhance

A

Oxygen unloading- Bohr

147
Q

What takes place for gas trabsport when blood reaches lungs

A

Bicarbonate becomes co2 again- in RBC

Co2 diffuses into alveoli

148
Q

Describe the haldene effect

A

Amount of co2 transported depends on o2

149
Q

When does co2 get transported best

A

When low ph
Less affinity for oxygen
Co2 can bind

150
Q

What occurs if H increases in blood

A

H is removed by binding to bicarbonate

151
Q

What happens when H declines in blood

A

Carbonic acid dissociates

Releasing H

152
Q

What does hypo ventilation cause

A

Co2 accumulates
Carbonic acid increase
Ph drops
Acidosis

153
Q

What does hyperventilation cause

A

Flushes co2 out
Reduces carbonic acid
Increase ph
Alkalosis

154
Q

When does hyperventilation occur

A

To compensate for acidosis

155
Q

Responsibility of pins respiratory center

A

Smooth inspiration/ expiration

Modify medulla activity

156
Q

What is the pacesetting respiratory center

A

VRG

157
Q

What does VRG do during inspiration

A

Fire neurons exciting muscles

158
Q

What happens to VRG during hypoxia

A

Gasping

159
Q

What can inhibit VRG

A

Morphine

Alcohol

160
Q

Function of DRG

A

Integrate input form peripheral receptors to VRG

161
Q

Where are central receptors

A

Medulla

162
Q

Where are peripheral receptors

A

Blood vessels of neck

163
Q

What are the 3 most important chemical stimuli

A

Co2
O2
H

164
Q

What monitors co2 levels

A

Indirectly central receptors

Via H ion concentration

165
Q

When is hyperventilating a proper response

A

Rising co2 levels
CSF has High H
Ph drop

166
Q

What happens when hyperventilation is not proper response

A

Low co2 levels
Reduced brain perfusion
Fainting

167
Q

What monitors o2 levels

A

Peripheral receptors

In aortic and carotid

168
Q

How large of an o2 drop is needed for peripheral receptors to stimulate increased ventilation

A

To 60mm or lower

Substantial drop

169
Q

When does ph level modify respiratoryp rate

A

When ph is too high or low

Even if carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal

170
Q

What are some causes of acidosis

A

Carbon dioxide retention
Accumulation of lactic acid
Excess ketone or fatty acid- DM

171
Q

What receptor type responds to Ph

A

Peripheral

172
Q

What type of breathing does hypothalamus control

A

Emotional

Limbic

173
Q

What type of breathing Does cortex control

A

Voluntary

Bypass medulla control

A&P 2 Exam 2 (3 decks)

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