Respiratory System

Question 1

function of respiratory system

Answer 1

• Supply oxygen and rid body of carbon dioxide
• Use conducting passageways to reach areas of gas exchange, air is cleaned, humidified and warmed before reaching the alveoli

Question 2

Sinuses tied to nasal cavity

Answer 2

• Termed paranasal sinuses
• Found in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
• Function: lighten the skull, warm moistened air, produce mucus that enters nasal cavity

Question 3

Pharynx

Answer 3

• gateway to the larynx

- 3 different types: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Question 4

Nasopharynx

Answer 4

• posterior to nasal cavity

- Houses the pharyngeal tonsils

Question 5

Oropharynx

Answer 5

• posterior and continuous with oral cavity
• Passageway for air and food
• Houses palatine and lingual tonsils

Question 6

Laryngopharynx

Answer 6

• posterior to epiglottis

- Extends to larynx

Question 7

The larynx:

Answer 7

• Thyroid cartilage: Adams apple
• Cricoid cartilage: below thyroid cartilage
• Arytenoid cartilage: anchors vocal cords
• Cuneiform and cornicualte cartilages

Question 8

Epiglottis

Answer 8

spoon like structure covers glottis during swallowing

Question 9

Vocal folds

Answer 9

• vocal cords formed by elastic ligaments

- They attach arytenoid cartilages to thyroid cartilage and vibrate to make sounds

Question 10

Glottis

Answer 10

• space between vocal chords

Question 11

Trachea

Answer 11

• Supported by incomplete rings of cartilage
• conveying air to and from the lungs
• aka windpipe

Question 12

Mucus (goblet cells)

Answer 12

are interspersed among the ciliated cells and also extend through the full thickness of the epithelium

Question 13

Bronchial tubes

Answer 13

Respiratory bronchi end in or as the alveolar ducts (with smooth rings) that lead into the alveoli

Question 14

terminal bronchi

Answer 14

Ciliated cells
Clara cells
Brush cells
Small granule cells

Question 15

Ciliated cells

Answer 15

decrease in number along the length of the bronchiole

Question 16

Clara cells

Answer 16

increase in number along the length of the bronchiole

Question 17

Brush cells

Answer 17

columnar cells that bear microvilli

Question 18

Alveoli

Answer 18

• Thin wall air sacs
• Site of gas exchange
• type 1 cells
• type 2 cells

Question 19

Lungs:

Answer 19

o Base rest on diaphragm

o 3 lobes in right lung, 2 in left lung

Question 20

breathing

Answer 20

• diaphragm contracts and bows downward
• internal intercostal’s lift ribs upward and sternum outward increasing the thoracic volume and thus decrease its pressure

Question 21

neural control

Answer 21

medulla and pons—ventilation rate and depth

Question 22

Herring Brewer reflex

Answer 22

stretch receptors respond to being over stretched and send inhibitory signals to medulla to exhale

Question 23

Total lung capacity (TC)

Answer 23

all the air the lungs can hold

Question 24

Vital capacity (VC)

Answer 24

the maximum volume of air that can be expelled at the normal rate of exhalation after maximum inspiration

Question 25

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 25

is the amount of air breathed in our out during normal respiration

Question 26

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 26

is the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation

Question 27

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 27

the amount of additional air that can be breathed out after normal expiration

Question 28

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 28

the additional air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal breath in

Question 29

Functional residual capacity (ERV+RV)

Answer 29

the amount of air left in the lungs after a tidal breath out

Question 30

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Answer 30

is the volume that can be inhaled after a tidal breath out

Question 31

Anatomical dead space

Answer 31

is the volume of the airways

Question 32

Carbon dioxide

Answer 32

- Changes correlate with temperature changes - Less atmosphere more cooling - More in the atmosphere, less cooling

Question 33

Too much CO2

Answer 33

Dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction

Question 34

Adjusting the pH

Answer 34

- A persons breathing rate influences the level of CO2 in their blood - Breathing that is too slow or shallow casues respiratory acidosis - Breathing that is too rapid leads to hyperventilation, which can cause respiratory alkalosis blood becomes to basic

Question 35

Regulation of ventilation is in...

Answer 35

the medulla

Question 36

Asthma

Answer 36

constriction of the bronchioles

Question 37

Pneumonia

Answer 37

caused by bacteria, virus or fungi and it is fluid buildup which reduces oxygen diffusion