Respiratory System

Question 1

two portions of respiratory system

Answer 1

conducting Portion: nasal cavities, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

Respiratory Portion: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, alveoli —-> pulmonary acinus

Question 2

Nasal cavities

Answer 2

Vestibule
Respiratory area
Olfactory area

Question 3

Respiratory area

Answer 3

with respiratory mucosa:

• pseudostratified
• lamina propria

Question 4

The 6 cells of respiratory epithelium

Answer 4

Goblet
Basal
Ciliated
Serous
Brush
Endocrine

Question 5

Ciliated cells

Answer 5

• tall
• lots of mitochondria to provide ATP
• Traps matter and cleans air

Question 6

Goblet cells

Answer 6

• apical part contains granules with mucinogen that forms mucus

Question 7

Basal cell

Answer 7

• DO NOT REACH APICAL SURFACE

- gives rise to other cells

Question 8

Serous cell

Answer 8

• columnar

- secretes serous secretion

Question 9

Brush cell

Answer 9

• narrow columnar
• with tall microvilli
• have contact with sensory fibers on basal Surface
• sensory receptor

Question 10

Endocrine cell

Answer 10

• small granules in basal part

- Contents secreted into blood and act on other cells

Question 11

Lamina propria of respiratory mucosa in nose

Answer 11

loose CT

• highly vascularized erectile tissue: a lot of capillaries and veins for warming function
• mixed muco-serous Glands: provide mucus to huidify the air and trap dust

mucosa lies on periosteum/ - chondrium

Question 12

Pharynx - three regions

Answer 12

Oropharynx –> stratified squamous
Nasopharynx –> respiratory epithelium
Laryngopharynx –> stratified squamous

Question 13

Lamina propria of pharynx

Answer 13

loose CT
mucous Glands
lymph nodules!!

mucosa lies on musculature

Question 14

Epiglottis

Answer 14

Elastic cartilage

stratified suqamous non-keratinizing AND respiratory
lamina propria with muco-serous glands

Question 15

Laryngeal mucosa

Answer 15

respiratory Epithelium (vocal cord --> stratified suqamous)
lamina proprie with muco-serous Glands

mucosa lies on laryngeal cartilages, ligaments and musculature –> are all hyaline cartilages

Question 16

Wall structure or trachea and bronchi

Answer 16

Mucosa:

• Epithelium
• lamina propria
• lamina muscularis

Submucosa

Cartilaginous layer!!!

Adventitia

Question 17

Developmental sources

Answer 17

Epithelium: from endoderm

Other tissues: from mesoderm

Question 18

Mucosa of trachea

Answer 18

respiratory Epithelium on b.m.
lamina propria with lymphatic nodules (no Glands)
lamina muscularis

Question 19

Submucosa of trachea

Answer 19

loose CT
sero-mucous Glands
lymphatic nodules

Question 20

Cartilaginous layer of trachea

Answer 20

• 16-20 C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
• posteriolry: rings are connected by trachealis muscle
• dense CT between rings

Question 21

Bronchial wall compared to trachea

Answer 21

Chips of cartilage instead of rings

no lymphatic nodules

Question 22

Bronchial tree

Answer 22

Main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi

Question 23

Structural changes of the brochial tree

Answer 23

Epithelium: pseudostratified –> simple columnar

less goblet cells

less Seromucous Glands

less cartilage

Question 24

Mucosa of Bronchioles

Answer 24

• respiratory –> simple cuboidal ciliated –> non-ciliated
• Ciliated cells replaced by CLARA CELLS
• lamina propria
• lamina muscularis: smooth mscuel increases

no cartilage
no Glands
no goblet cells

Question 25

Clara/club cells

Answer 25

in mucosa of bronchiole - columnar cells - domed apices - short microvilli - apical cytoplasm with secretory granules

Question 26

Functions of Clara cells

Answer 26

- secrete Surface active Agent - secrete CC16 - detoxify inhaled Toxins - act as stem cells

Question 27

Pulmonary acinus

Answer 27

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli

Question 28

Respiratory bronchioles

Answer 28

first alveoli arise from their wall | terminate in alveolar ducts

Question 29

Alveolar duct

Answer 29

linear Arrangements of alveoli | through atria leads to alveolar sacs

Question 30

Alveolar sac

Answer 30

Space which opens into several alveoli

Question 31

Alveoli

Answer 31

- area for gaseous Exchange - spimle squamous Epithelium with type I and II penumocytes - Alveolar Septum between alveoli - Alveolar pores: Openings in alveolar septa

Question 32

Type I pneumocyte

Answer 32

- squamous - organelles around flat nucleus - joined to other cells by tight junctions - part of blood-air-barrier - for gas exchange

Question 33

Type II pneumocyte

Answer 33

- large and round - cytoplasm with vesicles of surfactant - synthesized and secretes surfactant - can differentiate into type I after damage

Question 34

Surfactant

Answer 34

- Phospholipids, carbohydrates, proteins - reduces Surface Tension - traps Bacteria and viruses

Question 35

Alveolar macrophages

Answer 35

- from monocytes - in alveolar Septa - migrate between type I cells - phagocytose dust and bacteria

Question 36

Blood-air-barrier (respiratory membrane)

Answer 36

1. Endothelium of capillary 2. Fused Basement membranes of cap. and alveoli 3. Type I pneumocyte 4. Surfactant