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Histology Final > special sense > Flashcards

special sense Flashcards

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1
Q

receptor cells make up…

A
  1. Neuroepithelium: retina and olfactory Epithelium, sensory Neurons from neuroectoderm
  2. Sensoepithelium: taste buds and Epithelium in internal ear, Special epithelial cells from Surface ectoderm
  3. Sensory nerve ending (pacinian and Meisners corpuscle)
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2
Q

Ocular refractive media consists of

A

lens, chamber, vitreous humor

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3
Q

Accessory structures

A

eyelids, lacrimal Glands, extraocular muscles, conjunctiva

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4
Q

Developmental Sources of the eye

A
  1. Neural tube: retina, muscle of Iris
  2. Surface ectoderm: lens, anterior Epithelium of Cornea
  3. Head Mesenchyme: all others
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5
Q

Development of eye

A

3rd week:

  • outpockenings –> vesicles attached by optic stalk –> optic Cup –> inner layer (muscle of Iris, neural of retina) and outer layer (Pigment of retina)
  • lense Surface ectoderm –> lens placode –> lens vesicle –>lens
  • optic stalk –> otpic nerve

6th week:
- hyaloid artery into optic Cup –> choroid fissue that Closes befire birth

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6
Q

Wall of the eyeball

A

FIBROUS LAYER

  • Cornea
  • sclera

VASCULAR LAYER

  • Iris
  • ciliary Body
  • choroid

RETIANL LAYER

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7
Q

Cornea

A

avascular!!

  1. Stratified squamous non-keratinized Epithelium
  2. Anterior b.m. (bowman’s membrane)
  3. Stroma of dense collagenous tissue in lamellae
  4. Posterior b.m. (descemet’s membrane)
  5. Pre-Descemet’s membrane (Dua’s layer)
    6- Endothelium
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8
Q

Sclera

A
  • irregular dense collagenous tissue
  • Collagen fibers and elastic fibers
  • blood vessels and nerves

Cornoscleral Limbus: Junction of Cornea and sclera, canal of Schlemm

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9
Q

iris

A
  • highly vascularized
  • non-photosensitive retina on posterior Surface

sphincter pupillae muscle: smooth muscle cells near margin of Iris

dilator pupillae muscle: extends radially, composed of the processes of myoepithelial cells

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10
Q

Ciliary body

A
  • smooth muscles

- inner Surface covered by non-photosensitive retina

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11
Q

Choroid

A
  • pigmented loose CT
  • absorbs light
  • provides support and nutrients for retina
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12
Q

Parts of the retina

A

Photosensitive
Non-photosensitive
- iridial part (behind Iris)
- ciliary part (behind ciliary Body)

ora serrata: line between photosensitive and non-photosensitive retina

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13
Q

Microscopic structure of the retina

A

two layers:

  • outer layer
  • inner layer
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14
Q

Iridial part of the non-photosensitive retina

A

outer layer:
- 1 layer of pigmented myoepithelial cells (dilator pupillae muscle)

inner layer:
1 layer of pigmented cells

  • -> Formation of dilator pupillae
  • -> absorption of light
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15
Q

Ciliary part of non-photosensitive retina

A

outer layer:
1 layer of pigentocyti

inner layer:
1 layer of non-pigmented cuboidal cells

  • ->Secretion of aqueous Humor
  • ->Production of zonular fibers –> suspensory ligament of lens
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16
Q

Photosensitive retina is divided in:

A

outer layer

inner layer

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17
Q

Pigmented (outer) layer of photosensitive retina

A
  • retinal pigement Epithelium (single layer of Pigemtocyti)
  • Basement membrane

pigentocyti have microvilli on inner sruface that go between photoreceptors

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18
Q

Functions of retinal pigemtn epithelium

A
  • absorbs light
  • structural support
  • metabolic support
  • blood- retinal-barrier
  • phagocytoses membranous Disc
  • (re) Synthesis of rhodopsin
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19
Q

(Re) Synthesis of rhodopsin

A

Vitamin A –> Retinol –> retinal

retinal + opsin –> rhodopsin

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20
Q

Neural (inner) layer of photosensitive retina (Groups of Neurons)

A

Photoreceptor cells
Conducting cells
Ganglion cells

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21
Q

Photoreceptor cells are divided in:

A

rod cells

Cone cells

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22
Q

Structure of photoreceptor cells

A

bipolar Neurons

dendrite
Body
axon that Ends in:
- sferule (rod)
- pedicle (cone)
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23
Q

Dendrite of photoreceptor cell

A
  • outer Segment
  • Connecting cilium
  • inner Segment
    >outer part (mitochondria)
    >inner part (Rhodopsin is synthesized)
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24
Q

Outer Segment of rod

A
  • stack of flattened membranous Discs
  • Discs are shed and phagocytosed by RPE
  • light: retinal –> Retinol , release of opsin and changes in permeability of Plasma membranes
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25
Functions of rods
- more sensitive to light | - during period of low light intensity --> Image of gray tones
26
Outer Segment of cone
- memranous Disc are continuous with Plasma membrane three classe sof cones L (Long) M (middle) S (short-wavelength)
27
Function of cones
- sensitive to red, green and blue regions of visual spectrum
28
Conducting cells of the retina
- bipolar cells - horizontal cells - Amacrine cells
29
Bipolar cells
Connections: - photoreceptors and Ganglion cells - photoreceptors and horizontal cells - photoreceptors and amacrine cells
30
Horizontal cells
- connect rods and cones | - Synapse with bipolar cells
31
Amacrine cells
- no not have an axon!!! | - connect bipolar and Ganglion cells
32
Ganglion cells
- large, mulitpolar Neurons - with bipolar cells - with few amacrine cells - axons pass into optic nerve Fiber layer and then to optic nerve
33
Supporting cells of the retina
Müller cells: type of astrocytes - apical Ends form outer limiting membrane - Basic parts together with b.m. form inner limiting membrane functions: support, Transfer of metabolites, Regulation of electrolytes
34
10 histological layers of retina (PPOOOIIGLI)
1: Pigmented layer: RPE 2. Photoreceptor layer: outer and inner Segments 3. Outer limiting layer: apical Ends of Mülller cells 4 . Outer nuclear layer: cell bodies of photorecept, 5. Outer plexiform layer: processes of photo, horizontal and bipolar 6. Inner nuclear layer: cell bodies of conducting and Müller 7. Inner plexiform layer: processes of bipolar, amacrine and ganglion 8. Ganglion cell layer: cell bodies of ganglion 9. Layer of optic nerve fibers: axons of glangion cells 10. Inner limiting membrane: Basic Ends of Müller cells
35
Optic disc
- where fibers of Ganglion cells converge - blood vessels pass through Center - axons of Ganglion cells are not myelinated except here
36
Macula lutea
- near optic axis of the eyeball - there is a Fovea in the middle - Fovea is most sensitive area, because >lacks bloos vessels >contains only cones >Monosynaptic Connections between the neurons
37
Monosynaptic connections
- Ratio between cones, bipolar cells, Ganglion cells 1: 1:1 - only in macula lutea
38
Inverted eye
Photoreceptor dendrites are directed to choroid, not to light
39
Olfactory mucosa layers
Olfactory Epithelium | Lamina propdia mucosae
40
Olfactory epithelium
Pseudostratified epitheliem with: - olfactory cells - supporting cells - Basal cells
41
Olfactory cell
- bipolar Neurons - dendritic processes Project above epitheium and make olfactory knob with cilia - Plasma membrane of cilia contains odorant-binding proteins - Long axon leaves Epithelium - can regenerate
42
Supporting cell in olfactory epithelium
- tall columnar - microvilli on apical Surface . Metabolic and mechanical support - synthesize and secrete odorant binding proteins
43
Lamina propria mucosae in olfactory epithelium
loose CT + olfactory (Bowman's) Glands --> branched tubuloalveolar Glands --> deliver secretions serour secretion is trap for odoriferous substances
44
Ear is divided into:
External ear Middle ear Inner ear conducting structures in all parts sensory structures in inner ear
45
External ear
Pinna: elastic cartilage External auditory meatus: lined by Skin with hair and wax Glands Ear drum: Epidermis, middle CT, simple cuboidal pithelium
46
Middle ear
``` eardum to oval windwo with ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) ``` ``` tympanic cavity (simple squamous) Eustachian tube (pseudostratified) Mastoid sinuses (simple squamous) ```
47
Vestibulocochlear apparatus
- in inner ear - bony Labyrinth - membranous labyrinth
48
Development of the external ear
- Ectoderm (1st pharyngeal groove) --> Epithelium of external auditory meatus
49
Development of the middle ear
- Endodern (1st pharyngeal pouch) --> Epithelium of the cavities of the middle ear
50
Development of inner ear
- ectodermal thickening --> PLACODA OTICA --> FOVEA OTICA --> VESICULAR OTICA - Vesicula otica separates from ectoderm and forms sensoepithelium of membranous Labyrinth - head Mesenchyme: all CT of the ear
51
The two Labyrinths of inner ear
Bony Labyrinth: within temporal bone, filled with perilymph and loose CT Membranous Labyrinth: filled with endolymph, simple squamous and sensoepithelium
52
Parts of bony labyrinth
- semicircular canals - vestibule - cochlear canal
53
Parts of membranous labyrinth
Semicircular ducts Utricle and saccule Cochlear duct
54
Perilymph
- inside bony Labyrinth - like ECM - high NA, low K
55
Endolymph
- inside membranous Labyrinth - like intracellular fluid - low Na, high K - produced by Stria vascularis
56
Sensory Region of membranous labyrinth
3 Cristae ampullares in semicircular ducts 2 maculae in saccule and utricle 1 organ of Corti in cochlear duct
57
Cell types of sensoepithelium
Specialized sensory cells (hair cells) | Supporting cells
58
Supporting cells in sensoepithelium
on b.m. support Nutrition production of gelatinous material
59
Sensory hair cells in sensoepithelium
on supporting cells ``` Type I (goblet) Type II (columnar) ``` Basic part connects with nerve Fiber Apical part has stereocilia and kinocilia
60
Stereocilia of sensory hair cell
- Long microvilli with actin cores | - immotile
61
Kinocilium of sensory hair cell
- motile | - Arrangement of microtubules
62
Crista ampullaris
- in ampulla of each semicircular canal - ducts are lined by simple squamous Epithelium - where membranous and bony Labyrinths fuse - supporting and hair cells (type I and type II) - stereocilia and kinocilia are covered by GELATINUOUS CUPULA
63
How does the crista ampullaris work?
sensroy Region of angular acceleration! - when head is turned, endolmyph lags behind causing degletcion of gelatuínous cupula - ->hyperpolarization or depolarization of hair cell - -> excitation or Inhibition - ->Excitation of the dendrite - -> Impulse to the CNS
64
Macula
- sensoepitheliulm in utricle and saccule - utricle and saccule are lined by simple squamous - supporting cells - hair cells (type I and type II)
65
How does the Macula work?
- Crystals of Calcium Carbonate make otoliths - connected by proteins - can detect gravity and linear acceleration - ->movement of stereocilia and kinocilia - ->excitation or Inhibition of hair cell - ->Impulse to dendrite and CNS
66
Innervation of vestibular sense organs
hair cells are innervated by bipolar sensory Neurons | bodies of Neurons are in vestibular ganglion
67
Cochlea
- cochlear canal around modiolus - three spiraling compartments: 1. Scala vestibuli with perilymph 2. Scala media with endolymoh 3- Scala tympani with perilymph Scala vestibuli makes u turn at helicotrema and travels down to Scala tympani
68
Scala media walls
reissner's membrane Stria vascularis Basilar membrane
69
Reissner's membrane (vestibular membrane)
- between Scala media and Scala vestibuli - simple squamous - fibrous CT - simple squamous
70
Stria vascularis
- pseudostratified | - produces endolymph and regulates ion transport
71
Basilar membrane
- supports organ of Corti | - Collagen fibers and simple squamous
72
Inner Corner of cochlear duct
spiral Limbus --> produced tectorial membrane
73
Tectorial membrane
- gelatinous - similar to cupula or otolithic membrane - covers stereocilia
74
Organ of corti
in Scala media - sensory hair cells - supporting cells look at drawing!!!!
75
Inner tunnel (tunnel of Corti)
- surrounded by inenr and outer pillar cells
76
Sensory hair cells in organ of corti
- inner hair cells (1 row) --> type I cells - Outer hair cells (3-5 rows) --> type II cells - stereocilia that insert into tectorial membrane - stereocilia are displaced during Vibration - don't have kinocilium!!!!
77
Phalangeal cells
- in organ of Corti (supporting cells) - has apical phalangeal process - forms reticular plate - below reticular plate: corticolymph - to stabilize - tight junctions to maintain ion gradient
78
Innervation of cochlea
hair cells are innervated by bipolar sensory Neurons | Bodies are in spiral ganglion
79
Spiral (cochlear) ganglion
- cell bodies of bipolar Neurons wrap around modiolus | - axons come together as cochlear nerve in Center of modiolus
80
Sound transduction
``` tympanic membrane ossicles oval window perilymph in Scala vestibuli round window sensory hair cells basilar membrane ```
81
Taste buds
not in filiform papillae - in stratified non-keratinized Epithelium also in palate, Pharynx, Epiglottis and other parts of oral mucosa
82
Structure of a taste bud
Barrel shaped Opening at Surface via taste port contains sensoepithelium
83
Cell types in taste bud
- gustatory cells - supporting cells - Basal cells
84
Gustatory cells in taste bud
- spindle- shaped | - Long microvilli extendnig into pore
85
Basal cells in taste buds
- near b.m. | - precursors
86
Basic tastes
``` Sweet Salty Sour Bitter Unami ```

Histology Final (18 decks)

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