Respiratory system + energy systems apparently Flashcards
(25 cards)
Pathway of air
- Mouth/nose — pharynx— larynx— trachea— bronchi— bronchioles— aleveoli— lungs
Respiratory values definitions and units
-Breathing frequency: number of breaths inspired/expired per minute (bpm)
-Tidal volume: volume of air inspire/expired per breath (ml)
-Minute ventilation: volume of air inspired/expired per minute (L/min)
Respiratory values (breathing frequency)
-Trained at rest= 11-12
-Untrained at rest = 12-15
-Trained at maximal= 50-60
Untrained at maximal= 40-50
Respiratory values (Tidal volume)
-Trained at rest= 0.5L
-Untrained at rest= 0.5L
-Trained at maximal = 3-3.5L
-Untrained at maximal=2.5-3L
Respiratory values (minute ventilation)
-Trained at rest= 5.5-6 L/min
-Untrained at rest= 6-7.5 L/min
-Trained at maximal= 160-210 L/min
-Untrained at maximal= 100-150 L/min
Inspiration at rest (mechanisms of breathing)
-At rest, the diaphragm and external intercostals contract
-Ribs move upwards and outwards
-Thoracic volume increases
-Pressure in the lung decreases
Inspiration during exercise
-During exercise, the diaphragm, external intercostals, and sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis major (for extra force of contraction) contract
-Ribs move further upwards and outwards
-Thoracic volume increases further
-Pressure in the lung decreases further
Expiration at rest
-At rest, during expiration, the internal intercostals contract and the diaphragm and external intercostals relax
-Ribs move downwards and in
-Thoracic volume decreases
-Pressure inside the lung increases
Expiration during exercise
-During exercise (expiration) The internal intercostals and the rectus abdominus contract (for more contraction force)
-Ribs move further downwards and in
-Thoracic volume decreases more
-Pressure inside the lung increases more
Respiratory regulation during rest
-At rest, the inspiratory control centre stimulates the diaphragm to contract via the phrenic nerve and stimulates the external intercostals to contract via the intercostal nerve
-The expiratory reserve centre remains inactive at rest
Respiratory regulation during exercise
- During exercise, chemoreceptors detect an increase in CO2 and a decrease in O2, baroreceptors detect an increase in lung inflammation, thermoreceptors detect an increase in blood temperature, and thermoreceptors detect an increase in blood temperature
- All of these receptors send information to the inspiratory control centre (ICC) in the brain
- The ICC stimulates the diaphragm, external intercostals, pectoralis major and the sternocleidomastoid to contract via the phrenic nerve and the intercostal nerve, increasing the contraction force of inspiration
- Baroreceptors send information about the lung inflammation to the expiratory control centre (EEC)
- The ECC stimulates the internal intercostals to contract as well as the rectus abdominus, increasing the contraction force of expiration
Movement of oxygen from alveoli to the blood (external respiration at rest)
-O2 diffuses from high concentration of 02 in the lungs to low concentration of O2 in the blood
-CO2 diffuses from high concentration of CO2 in the blood to low concentration of CO2 in the lungs
-O2 associates with hemoglobin
-High O2 partial pressure gradient
Movement of oxygen from alveoli to the blood (external respiration during exercise)
-O2 diffuses from higher concentration in the lungs to lower concentration in the blood
-CO2 diffuses from higher concentration of CO2 in the lungs to lower concentration of CO2 in the lungs
O2 more readily associates with haemoglobin
-Larger O2 partial pressure gradient
Movement of oxygen from the blood to muscles (internal respiration at rest)
-O2 diffuses from high concentration of O2 in the blood to low concentration of O2 in muscle tissues
CO2 diffuses from high concentration of CO2 in the muscle tissues to low concentration in the blood
Oxygen dissociates from haemoglobin
-Large O2 partial pressure difference
Movement of oxygen from the blood to muscle tissue (internal respiration during exercise)
-O2 diffuses from higher concentration of O2 in the blood to lower concentration of O2 in muscle tissues
CO2 diffuses from higher concentration of CO2 in the muscle tissues to lower concentration in the blood
Oxygen more readily dissociates from haemoglobin
-Larger O2 partial pressure difference
Bohr shift
-The bohr shift is when the oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right
-This occurs because of the increased level of CO2 as a bi product of exercise and increased blood temperature
-This makes oxygen dissociate from haemoglobin more readily
ATP-PC system process and features
-ATP-PC SYSTEM
-ATP in the body is broken down into ADP + P and energy (exothermic reaction), this lasts only 2-3 seconds
-However, the ATP-PC system breaks down phosphocreatine with the enzyme creatine kinase into Phosphate + creatine and energy; this energy is used to resynthesis ATP
FEATURES
-type of reaction= anaerobic
-site of reaction=sarcoplasm
-ATP yield= 1PC:1ATP
-by-products= none
-intensity= very high intensity
-duration= 2-10 seconds
ATP -PC system evaluation
-Advantages: No delay for oxygen and no harmful by-products
-Disadvantages: low ATP stores= fast fatigue (little fatigue resistance)
Glycolytic system (process and features)
PROCESS
-The glycolytic system starts when PC runs out
-Glycogen is broken down in a process called anaerobic glycolysis into pyruvate and 2 ATP molecules (controlled by the enzyme phosphofructokinase)
-Pyruvate is broken down into lactic acid by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (as oxygen is not present)
FEATURES
-type of reaction= anaerobic
-site of reaction= sarcoplasm
-ATP yield 1 glycogen: 2 ATP
-By products= lactic acid
-intensity= very high intensity
-duration= 10 seconds-3 minutes
Glycolytic system evaluation
-Strengths: no delay for oxygen+ lactic acid can be converted into energy
-Weaknesses: lactic acid is a fatiguing by-product
Aerobic glycolysis (aerobic system)
-Aerobic glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate (controlled by phosphofructokinase)
-This takes place in the cytoplasm of the muscle cell
-If there is oxygen present the pyruvate is sent to the mitochondria for further breakdown
-Produces hydrogen atoms + 2ATP
Kreb’s cycle
-Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA (controlled by coenzyme A)
-AcetylCoA enters the Kreb cycle which takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
-Series of reactions produces: CO2, hydrogen atoms, and 2 molecules of ATP
Electron transport chain
-NAD is oxidised
-Hydrogen atoms are carried through the electron transport chain in the cristae of the mitochondria
-This produces 34 molecules of ATP and one by product of water
FEATURES AND EVALUATION OF AEROBIC SYSTEM
-type of reaction=anaerobic
-site of reaction= sarcoplasm+cristae+matrix
-ATP yield= 1glycogen:38ATP
-by products= carbon dioxide + water
-intensity= low intensity
-duration= 3+ minutes
Strengths= large energy stores= high resistance to fatigue
-no fatiguing by products
Weaknesses - large delay for oxygen
-Oxygen required to break down fats
