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Test 3 For A&P 2 > Respiratory/urinary System > Flashcards

Respiratory/urinary System Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Air flow into lungs

A

Lower intrapulmonary pressure (inhale) below atmospheric pressure
Inhale = increase volume= decrease pressure

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2
Q

Air flow out of the lungs

A

Exhaling= decrease volume= increase pressure

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3
Q

Resistance in which affect ventilation

A
  1. Pulmonary compliance - ease in which air flows
  2. Diameter of bronchioles
    Bronchocontriction or bronchodilation
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4
Q

Alveolar surface tension

A

Thin water filaments needed
( two hydrogens bond) = collapse of alevoli and bonchials

  • pulmonary surfactant = (great alveolar cells)
    Decrease surface tension

– Premature infants (lack surfactant)

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5
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Air only enters alveoli for gas exchange

NOT ALL INHALED AIR GETS THERE

Anatomical dead space- conduction division (no gas exchange)

Physiological- (total) dead space- pulmonary diseases

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6
Q

Respiratory volumes

A
  1. Tidal volume (volume of breath one full volume)
  2. Inspiratory reserve volume (inspiration can be inhaled with max effort)
  3. Expiratory reserve volume (expiration can be exhaled with maximum effort)
  4. Residual volume (alveoli inflated) air that remains in lungs even after maximum expiration
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7
Q

Total lung capacity

A

TLC= RV (residual capacity) and VC (vital capacity)

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8
Q

Vital capacity

A

Amount of air that can be exhaled with effort after maximum inspiration
ERV (expiration reserve volume) + TV (tidal volume) + IRV (inspiration reserve volume) = Vital capacity

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9
Q

Oxygen imbalances

A

Hypoxia- deficiency of oxygen in tissue or inability to use oxygen

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10
Q

Hypoxemic hypoxia

A

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

Oxygen deficiency at high elevevations
Imparired ventilation
Drowning
Foreign body respiratory

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11
Q

Ischemic hypoxia

A

Inadequate circulation of blood

Congestive heart failure

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12
Q

Anemia hypoxia

A

Anemia due to inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen

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13
Q

COPD

A

Long-term obstruction of airflow

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14
Q

Major COPDS

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Associated with smoking
air pollution
Airbone irritants
Defects

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15
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Severe lower respiratory tract

Goblet cells enlarge and produce a lot of mucus

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16
Q

Emphysema

A

Alveolar wall break down

Lungs fibrotic and less elastic

Air passages collapse

Weaken thoracic muscles

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17
Q

Smoking and lung cancer

A

Lung cancer accounts for more deaths than any other cancer

-squamous cell carcinoma (most common)

Bronchial epithelium into stratified squamous from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium (change)

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18
Q

Larynx has 9 cartiledges

A

Large:
Epiglottic cartilage: superior

Thyroid cartiledge: largest (Adam’s apple)

Criticoid cartiledge: connects larynx to trachea (ring like)

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19
Q

Three small larynx cartiledges

A

Artenoid cartiledge (2)

Corniculate cartiedge (2) ; attached to arytenoid cartiedge like a pair of little horns

Cuneiform (2)

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20
Q

Trachea windpipe

A

16-20 c-shaped cartilaginous rings (hyaline)

Trachealis muscle- opening in rings, adjust airflow by expanding/contracting

Pseudostratified columnar- functions as a mucociliary escalator

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21
Q

Pleural fluid functions

A
  1. Reduce friction
  2. Create pressure gradient
  3. Compartimentalization: prevents spread of infections to others
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22
Q

Neural control of breathing

A

Medulla oblongata helps and pons help unconscious breathing

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23
Q

Medulla respiratory center is in the

A

Inspiration center (dorsal respiratory)
Expiration center (ventral respiratory group)

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24
Q

Pons respiratory center is in the

A

Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center

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25
Bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchial walls
26
Asthma
Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction Restrict airflow
27
Respiratory distress syndrome
Not enough surfactant bc alveolar 2 cells In premature infants
28
Pneumonia
Inflammation of lobules
29
Nasopharynx has ____ epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
30
Oropharynx has ____ epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
31
Laryngopharynx has _____ epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
32
Functions of the Larynx
Keep food and drinks out of airways Sound production
33
Gas transport is
Carrying gasses from alveoli to systemic tissues
34
Functions of the kidney
1.Filter blood and excrete toxic waste 2.Regulate blood volume,pressure,osmalarity 3.Regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance 4.Secrete erythropoietin = stimulates the production of red blood cells 5. Helps regulate calcium levels by participating in calcitriol synthesis
35
Nitrogenous waste
Nitrogen levels for metabolism produces MOST IMPORTANT Urea (50%)- protein metabolism
36
Excretion is
Separating waste from body fluids and eliminating them
37
4 body systems to carry out wastes
Respiratory system: small amounts of other gasses and water Integumentary system: water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, urea in sweat Digestive system: water,salts, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, etc Urinary system: many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones
38
Renal nerve supply
Innervate kidneys and ureters Each kidney at hilum Sympathetic innervation Adjust rate of urine formation Stimulates release of renin: restricts losses of water and salt in urine Stimulate reabsorption at nephron
39
Nephrons
Where urine production begins: 1.2 million Has 2 parts Renal corpuscle; filters blood plasma (glomerular filtrate) has glomerulus which is a ball of capillaries and glomerulus browmans encloses glomerulus Renal tubule; long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine
40
Basic process of urine formation
1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption and secretion 3. Water conservation
41
Urine formation through kidneys
1. Glomerular filtration 2. Tubular reabsoption 3. Tubular secretion 4. Water conservation
42
In depth kidney urine formation
1. Glomerular filtrate: fluid in the capsular space (like plasma but no protein 2. Tubular fluid: from proximal convoluted tubule through distal convoluted tubular (substances has been removed or added by tubular cells) 3. Urine: fluid that enters the collecting duct (undergoes little alteration beyond this point except for water content)
43
Filtration membrane
Three membranes where fluid passes through 1. Fenestrated endothelium: filtration pores (small enough to block cells from filtrate) 2. Basement membrane: negative charge (blocks anions) Blood plasma- 7% protein 3. Filtration slits: podocyte cell extension (pedicles) visceral layer of glomerular capsule wrap around capillaries barrier.
44
Glomerular filtration pressure
blood hydrostatic pressure (fluid pressure) pressure outward and colloid osmotic pressure (materials in solution on either side of capillary walls)
45
Blood hydrostatic pressure
Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries Pushes water and solute molecules into collecting duct > out plasma
46
Pressure in capsule space
Opposite in glomerular hydrostatic pressure Pushes water and solutes Resistance flow along nephron and conducting system CP 18mm
47
Colloid osmotic pressure
Resulting from the presence of suspended proteins Draw water out of filtrare into plasma Opposite to filtration COP 32mm
48
Glomerular filtration rate
Amount of filtrare formed per minute by the two kidneys Generates 180 Liters of filtrate 99% reabsorption 1/2 L urinate per day
49
If Glomerular filtration too high
Water goes too rapidly through renal tubules Can’t reabsorb water and solutes Urine output rises DEHYDRATION
50
GFR to low
Wastes are reabsorbed Azotemia may occur (toxic waste)
51
Regulate glomerular filtration
Adjusting glomerular blood pressure from movement to movement Renal Autoregulation Hormonal control RENIN- angiotensin Aldosterone mechanism
52
Renal autoregulation
Ability of nephrons to adjust their own blood flow without GFR (nervous or hormonal) control
53
Antidiuretic hormone
Prevents dehydration Loss of blood volume Raising blood osmolarity ADH hormone makes collecting duct More permeable to water Water reabsorption
54
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Secreted by the heart in response to high blood pressure Na+ and water excretion and urine volume
55
Collecting duct concentrates urine
Removes water from urine and returns into blood Concentrates wastes
56
Urine testing
Urinalysis- microscopic and chemical testing of urine Appearance- clear to deep amber depending on state of dehydration Yellow: urochrome pigment from breakdown of hemoglobin Odor: degrade urea to ammonia, foods and diseases
57
Composition and properties of urine
Specific gravity: compares urine samples density to distilled water Osmolarity Ph: range 4.5 - 8.2 Blood Ketones Chemical composition
58
Polyuria
Excess of 2L day
59
Obligaría
Less than 500 ML day
60
Anuria
0-100 mL day Low output from kidney disease Dehydration Circulatory chock or prostate enlargement
61
Urine volume w diabetes
Metabolic disorder due to chronic Polyuria Diabetes type 1,2 AND gestational diabetes (High concentration of everything)
62
Diabetes insipidus
ADH cause not enough water to be reabsorbed in collecting duct
63
Urine volume to normal
Diuretics: ANY chemical that increases urine volume Effects: urine output Blood volume Uses: hyposecretion and congestive heart failure Mechanism: GFR Tubular reabsorption
64
Urine storage and elimination
Ureters: Urine enters and passes posterior to bladder and enters from below Adventicia: CT Musularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle (urine enters and stretches and contracts) Mucosa: transitional epithelium Lumen very narrow, easily obstructed by kidney stones
65
Urinary bladder
Muscular sac located on floor of pelvic cavity Three layers: Muscularis (detrusor muscle) Mucosa: (transitional epithelium) Rugae: wrinkles in empty bladder
66
Urinary bladder (looks)
Trigone: smooth-surface triangular area on bladder floor Capacity: fullness is 500 mL Max fullness: 700/800 mL
67
Female urethra
3/4 cm long Has: Orfifice Internal urethral sphincter: detrusor muscle Thickened, smooth muscle, involuntary control External urethral spinchter: skeletal muscle
68
Male urethra
18cm long HAS: Internal urethral sphincter External urethral sphincter 3 regions: Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Spongy urethra
69
Urinary tract infection
Cystitis: infection of urinary bladder Can spread
70
Pyelitis
Infection of the renal pelvis
71
Pyelonephritis
Infection that reaches the context and nephrons Blood-borne bacteria
72
Renal insufficiency and hemodialysis
Kidney cannot maintain own hemostatis CAUSE: extensive destruction of nephrons
73
Cause of nephron destruction
Hypertension, chronic kidney infection, trauma, prolonged ischemia, hypoxia, positing by heavy metal etc NEPHRONS CAN REGENERATE AND RESTORE KIDNEY FUNCTION OTHERS ARE TOO BIG AND LOSE KIDNEY FUNCTION
74
NEPHRONS LOST
75% = 30 mL urine output Insufficient to maintain homeostasis Effects: Azotemia, acidosis, uremia, anemia
75
Hemodialysis
Artificially clearing wastes from blood Waste leaves blood stream and enter dialysis fluid as blood flows through tube Removes excess body fluid
76
BLOOD UREA NITROGENOUS WASTE
Levels of nitrogenous waste in body
77
Azotemia
Raise of BUN levels
78
Uremia
Toxic waste that has accumulated

Test 3 For A&P 2 (2 decks)

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