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Test 3 For A&P 2 > Respiratory/urinary System > Flashcards

Respiratory/urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Air flow into lungs

A

Lower intrapulmonary pressure (inhale) below atmospheric pressure
Inhale = increase volume= decrease pressure

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2
Q

Air flow out of the lungs

A

Exhaling= decrease volume= increase pressure

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3
Q

Resistance in which affect ventilation

A
  1. Pulmonary compliance - ease in which air flows
  2. Diameter of bronchioles
    Bronchocontriction or bronchodilation
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4
Q

Alveolar surface tension

A

Thin water filaments needed
( two hydrogens bond) = collapse of alevoli and bonchials

  • pulmonary surfactant = (great alveolar cells)
    Decrease surface tension

– Premature infants (lack surfactant)

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5
Q

Alveolar ventilation

A

Air only enters alveoli for gas exchange

NOT ALL INHALED AIR GETS THERE

Anatomical dead space- conduction division (no gas exchange)

Physiological- (total) dead space- pulmonary diseases

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6
Q

Respiratory volumes

A
  1. Tidal volume (volume of breath one full volume)
  2. Inspiratory reserve volume (inspiration can be inhaled with max effort)
  3. Expiratory reserve volume (expiration can be exhaled with maximum effort)
  4. Residual volume (alveoli inflated) air that remains in lungs even after maximum expiration
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7
Q

Total lung capacity

A

TLC= RV (residual capacity) and VC (vital capacity)

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8
Q

Vital capacity

A

Amount of air that can be exhaled with effort after maximum inspiration
ERV (expiration reserve volume) + TV (tidal volume) + IRV (inspiration reserve volume) = Vital capacity

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9
Q

Oxygen imbalances

A

Hypoxia- deficiency of oxygen in tissue or inability to use oxygen

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10
Q

Hypoxemic hypoxia

A

Inadequate pulmonary gas exchange

Oxygen deficiency at high elevevations
Imparired ventilation
Drowning
Foreign body respiratory

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11
Q

Ischemic hypoxia

A

Inadequate circulation of blood

Congestive heart failure

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12
Q

Anemia hypoxia

A

Anemia due to inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen

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13
Q

COPD

A

Long-term obstruction of airflow

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14
Q

Major COPDS

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Associated with smoking
air pollution
Airbone irritants
Defects

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15
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Severe lower respiratory tract

Goblet cells enlarge and produce a lot of mucus

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16
Q

Emphysema

A

Alveolar wall break down

Lungs fibrotic and less elastic

Air passages collapse

Weaken thoracic muscles

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17
Q

Smoking and lung cancer

A

Lung cancer accounts for more deaths than any other cancer

-squamous cell carcinoma (most common)

Bronchial epithelium into stratified squamous from ciliated pseudostratified epithelium (change)

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18
Q

Larynx has 9 cartiledges

A

Large:
Epiglottic cartilage: superior

Thyroid cartiledge: largest (Adam’s apple)

Criticoid cartiledge: connects larynx to trachea (ring like)

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19
Q

Three small larynx cartiledges

A

Artenoid cartiledge (2)

Corniculate cartiedge (2) ; attached to arytenoid cartiedge like a pair of little horns

Cuneiform (2)

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20
Q

Trachea windpipe

A

16-20 c-shaped cartilaginous rings (hyaline)

Trachealis muscle- opening in rings, adjust airflow by expanding/contracting

Pseudostratified columnar- functions as a mucociliary escalator

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21
Q

Pleural fluid functions

A
  1. Reduce friction
  2. Create pressure gradient
  3. Compartimentalization: prevents spread of infections to others
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22
Q

Neural control of breathing

A

Medulla oblongata helps and pons help unconscious breathing

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23
Q

Medulla respiratory center is in the

A

Inspiration center (dorsal respiratory)
Expiration center (ventral respiratory group)

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24
Q

Pons respiratory center is in the

A

Pneumotaxic center
Apneustic center

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25
Q

Bronchitis

A

Inflammation of bronchial walls

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26
Q

Asthma

A

Excessive stimulation and bronchoconstriction

Restrict airflow

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27
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome

A

Not enough surfactant bc alveolar 2 cells
In premature infants

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28
Q

Pneumonia

A

Inflammation of lobules

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29
Q

Nasopharynx has ____ epithelium

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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30
Q

Oropharynx has ____ epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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31
Q

Laryngopharynx has _____ epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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32
Q

Functions of the Larynx

A

Keep food and drinks out of airways
Sound production

33
Q

Gas transport is

A

Carrying gasses from alveoli to systemic tissues

34
Q

Functions of the kidney

A

1.Filter blood and excrete toxic waste
2.Regulate blood volume,pressure,osmalarity
3.Regulate electrolytes and acid-base balance
4.Secrete erythropoietin = stimulates the production of red blood cells
5. Helps regulate calcium levels by participating in calcitriol synthesis

35
Q

Nitrogenous waste

A

Nitrogen levels for metabolism produces

MOST IMPORTANT
Urea (50%)- protein metabolism

36
Q

Excretion is

A

Separating waste from body fluids and eliminating them

37
Q

4 body systems to carry out wastes

A

Respiratory system: small amounts of other gasses and water
Integumentary system: water, inorganic salts, lactic acid, urea in sweat
Digestive system: water,salts, lipids, bile pigments, cholesterol, etc
Urinary system: many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, hormones

38
Q

Renal nerve supply

A

Innervate kidneys and ureters
Each kidney at hilum

Sympathetic innervation
Adjust rate of urine formation
Stimulates release of renin: restricts losses of water and salt in urine
Stimulate reabsorption at nephron

39
Q

Nephrons

A

Where urine production begins: 1.2 million

Has 2 parts
Renal corpuscle; filters blood plasma (glomerular filtrate) has glomerulus which is a ball of capillaries and glomerulus browmans encloses glomerulus

Renal tubule; long, coiled tube that converts the filtrate into urine

40
Q

Basic process of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption and secretion
  3. Water conservation
41
Q

Urine formation through kidneys

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsoption
  3. Tubular secretion
  4. Water conservation
42
Q

In depth kidney urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtrate: fluid in the capsular space (like plasma but no protein
  2. Tubular fluid: from proximal convoluted tubule through distal convoluted tubular (substances has been removed or added by tubular cells)
  3. Urine: fluid that enters the collecting duct (undergoes little alteration beyond this point except for water content)
43
Q

Filtration membrane

A

Three membranes where fluid passes through

  1. Fenestrated endothelium: filtration pores (small enough to block cells from filtrate)
  2. Basement membrane: negative charge (blocks anions)
    Blood plasma- 7% protein
  3. Filtration slits: podocyte cell extension (pedicles) visceral layer of glomerular capsule wrap around capillaries barrier.
44
Q

Glomerular filtration pressure

A

blood hydrostatic pressure (fluid pressure) pressure outward and

colloid osmotic pressure (materials in solution on either side of capillary walls)

45
Q

Blood hydrostatic pressure

A

Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
Pushes water and solute molecules into collecting duct
> out plasma <in filtrate

46
Q

Pressure in capsule space

A

Opposite in glomerular hydrostatic pressure

Pushes water and solutes

Resistance flow along nephron and conducting system

CP 18mm

47
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Resulting from the presence of suspended proteins

Draw water out of filtrare into plasma

Opposite to filtration

COP 32mm

48
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

Amount of filtrare formed per minute by the two kidneys

Generates 180 Liters of filtrate

99% reabsorption

1/2 L urinate per day

49
Q

If Glomerular filtration too high

A

Water goes too rapidly through renal tubules

Can’t reabsorb water and solutes

Urine output rises

DEHYDRATION

50
Q

GFR to low

A

Wastes are reabsorbed

Azotemia may occur (toxic waste)

51
Q

Regulate glomerular filtration

A

Adjusting glomerular blood pressure from movement to movement

Renal Autoregulation

Hormonal control RENIN- angiotensin

Aldosterone mechanism

52
Q

Renal autoregulation

A

Ability of nephrons to adjust their own blood flow without GFR (nervous or hormonal) control

53
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Prevents dehydration

Loss of blood volume

Raising blood osmolarity

ADH hormone makes collecting duct More permeable to water

Water reabsorption

54
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

Secreted by the heart in response to high blood pressure

Na+ and water excretion and urine volume

55
Q

Collecting duct concentrates urine

A

Removes water from urine and returns into blood

Concentrates wastes

56
Q

Urine testing

A

Urinalysis- microscopic and chemical testing of urine

Appearance- clear to deep amber depending on state of dehydration

Yellow: urochrome pigment from breakdown of hemoglobin

Odor: degrade urea to ammonia, foods and diseases

57
Q

Composition and properties of urine

A

Specific gravity: compares urine samples density to distilled water

Osmolarity

Ph: range 4.5 - 8.2

Blood
Ketones
Chemical composition

58
Q

Polyuria

A

Excess of 2L day

59
Q

Obligaría

A

Less than 500 ML day

60
Q

Anuria

A

0-100 mL day

Low output from kidney disease

Dehydration

Circulatory chock or prostate enlargement

61
Q

Urine volume w diabetes

A

Metabolic disorder due to chronic Polyuria

Diabetes type 1,2 AND gestational diabetes
(High concentration of everything)

62
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

ADH cause not enough water to be reabsorbed in collecting duct

63
Q

Urine volume to normal

A

Diuretics: ANY chemical that increases urine volume

Effects: urine output
Blood volume

Uses: hyposecretion and congestive heart failure

Mechanism: GFR
Tubular reabsorption

64
Q

Urine storage and elimination

A

Ureters: Urine enters and passes posterior to bladder and enters from below

Adventicia: CT
Musularis: 2 layers of smooth muscle (urine enters and stretches and contracts)

Mucosa: transitional epithelium
Lumen very narrow, easily obstructed by kidney stones

65
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Muscular sac located on floor of pelvic cavity

Three layers:

Muscularis (detrusor muscle)

Mucosa: (transitional epithelium)

Rugae: wrinkles in empty bladder

66
Q

Urinary bladder (looks)

A

Trigone: smooth-surface triangular area on bladder floor

Capacity: fullness is 500 mL

Max fullness: 700/800 mL

67
Q

Female urethra

A

3/4 cm long
Has:

Orfifice

Internal urethral sphincter: detrusor muscle
Thickened, smooth muscle, involuntary control

External urethral spinchter: skeletal muscle

68
Q

Male urethra

A

18cm long
HAS:

Internal urethral sphincter
External urethral sphincter

3 regions: Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra

69
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

Cystitis: infection of urinary bladder
Can spread

70
Q

Pyelitis

A

Infection of the renal pelvis

71
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Infection that reaches the context and nephrons

Blood-borne bacteria

72
Q

Renal insufficiency and hemodialysis

A

Kidney cannot maintain own hemostatis
CAUSE: extensive destruction of nephrons

73
Q

Cause of nephron destruction

A

Hypertension, chronic kidney infection, trauma, prolonged ischemia, hypoxia, positing by heavy metal etc

NEPHRONS CAN REGENERATE AND RESTORE KIDNEY FUNCTION

OTHERS ARE TOO BIG AND LOSE KIDNEY FUNCTION

74
Q

NEPHRONS LOST

A

75% = 30 mL urine output

Insufficient to maintain homeostasis

Effects: Azotemia, acidosis, uremia, anemia

75
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Artificially clearing wastes from blood

Waste leaves blood stream and enter dialysis fluid as blood flows through tube

Removes excess body fluid

76
Q

BLOOD UREA NITROGENOUS WASTE

A

Levels of nitrogenous waste in body

77
Q

Azotemia

A

Raise of BUN levels

78
Q

Uremia

A

Toxic waste that has accumulated

Test 3 For A&P 2 (2 decks)

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