Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Test 3 For A&P 2 > Test 4 Ap > Flashcards

Test 4 Ap Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of digestion

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Compaction
Excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Hydrolysis reaction —> breaks dietary macromolecules into individual monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the enzymes found in chemical reaction

A

Polysaccharides (glucose)
Proteins (amino acids)
Lipids (monoglyceride/fatty acids)
Nucleic acids—-> nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the accesory organs

A

Teeth,tongue,salivary glands,liver,gallbladder, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is in the digestive tract

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Enteric nervous control

A

Esophagus, stomach, intestines

Regulates digestive tract mobility
Secretion
Blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nerve networks from enteric nervous control

A

Submucosa plexus- controls grandular secretion
Controls movement of muscularis mucosae

Myenteric plexus- parasympathetic (ganglia and nerve fiber)

Controls paristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serious membrane that lines peritoneal cavity of abdomen

Most digestion occurs within this

NOT IN PERITONEUM CAVITY—> DUODENUM, PANCREAS, PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

HAS TWO LAYERS

A

DORSAL - suspends Gi tract and forms serosa of STOMACH AND INTESTINES

VENTRAL- forms lesser and greater omentum

Lacy layer of connective tissue and contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels

Appearance of this because of many holes pf gaps in the membrane and irregular distribution of fatty tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Regulation of digestive tract

A

Motility and secretion of digestive tract are controlled by

Neural

Hormonal- secreted into blood stream (stimulate distant parts of digestive tract)
Hormones created—> gastric and secretion

Paracrine secretions- chemical messengers diffuse through tissue fluid
Stimulate nearby cells
Secretions —-> histamine and prostaglandins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Teeth: Dentition

A

Deciduous : baby teeth (20) by age 2

Adult: (32) 16 in mandible and maxilla
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Tooth and gum disease

A

Humans mouth : 700 species of microorganisms

Plaque: sticky residue —> bacteria or sugars

Root canal therapy —-> if cavity reaches pulp

Gingivitis : inflammation of gums

Periodontal disease: destruction of supporting bone around teeth (may result in tooth loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mastication or chewing (step 1)

A

Breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed

Contact of food with sensory receptors—> triggers chewing reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Moistens the mouth
Begins starch and fat digestion
Cleanse teeth
Inhibit bacteria
Moistens food and binds it together into bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

99.5% water and solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypotonic solution: amylase

A

Begins starch digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hypotonic solution: Lingual lipase

A

Digest fat after reaches the stomach (activated by stomach acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hypotonic solution: Mucous

A

Binds and lubricates mass of food and aids in swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypotonic solution: Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that kills bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hypotonic solution: Immunoglobulin

A

Inhibits bacteria growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

PH of saliva/salivary glands

A

6.8 —> 7.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Extrinsic glands

A

3 types:
Parotid gland: earlobe

Submandibular gland:

Sublingual gland: floor of mouth

2 cells

Mucous cell: secrete mucous

Serous cell —> secrete thin fluid (rich in enzymes) amylase and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Salivation

A

Salivary glands secrete: 1 —-> 1.5 L of saliva per day

Salivary amylase —> beings to digest starch (food is chewed)

Binds food particles into soft —> slippery —> blous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The esophagus:

A

Mucosa: nonkaretinized stratified squamous epithelium

Submucosa: esophageal glands

Muscularis external: skeletal muscle in
Upper skeletal —-> smooth in bottom (shift)
Voluntary ———-> involuntary of swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Swallowing (deglutition)

A

Action involving 22 muscles
Mouth —> pharynx —> esophagus

Medulla oblongata coordinates swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stages in swallowing

A

Oral (buccal) phase :voluntary control

Pharyngeal: involuntary control

Esophageal: involuntary wave of muscular contraction and pushes bolus ahead of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Oral (Buccal) phase

A

Tongue forms food bolus and pushes into laryngopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Pharyngeal phase

A

Palate —> tongue —> vocal cords —> epiglottis
Block ORAL — > NASAL —> airway

Pharyngeal constrictors push bolus into esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Esophageal phase

A

“Peristalsis” drive bolus downward

Esophageal sphincter admits it into the stomach

30
Q

Stomach intro

A

Mechanically breaks up food —-> liquifies —> chemical digestion of protein and fat

CHYME = liquified portion of food

Absorption = chyme passed on to small intestines.

31
Q

Innervation of stomach

A

Parasympathetic —> fibers from vagus nerve

Sympathetic —> fibers from celiac ganglia

Stomach + intestines = drainage —> enters hepatic portal circulation —> filtered through liver

32
Q

Cells of gastric glands: Regenerative (stem) cells

A

supply of new cells to replace cells that die

33
Q

Cells of Gastric glands: Parietal cells

A

Secrete HCI acid and intrinsic factor

34
Q

Cells of gastric glands: Cheif cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen in infancy (protein)

35
Q

Cells of gastric glands: Enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers that regulate digestion

G cell produce Gastrin

36
Q

Intrinsic factor (parietal cells)

A

Essential for B12 absorption by small intestine

Necessary for hemoglobin synthesis (not enough= anemia) RBC production

37
Q

Pepsin (chief cells)

A

Protein digestion —> Secreted by pepsinogen

HCI converts pepsinogen to pepsin (removes its amino acids)

38
Q

Gastric lipase (chief ells)

A

Gastric / lingual lipase play minor role in digestion dietary fats

39
Q

Chemical messengers( g cells)

A

Many produced by enteroendocrine cells of gastric and pyloric glands

40
Q

Protection of stomach

A

Protected 3 ways BC HARSH ACIDIC —> ENZYMATIC ENVIRONMENT CREATED

Mucous coat

Tight junction: between epithelial cells prevent gastric juice from seeping between them

Epithelial cell replacement : live 3-6 days

Sloughed off into chyme and digested with food

Replaced rapidly B cell division in gastric pits

41
Q

Bile duct system

A

Right and Left hepatic Ducts

-collect bile form all bile ducts

Unit a common hepatic duct—> leaves liver

BILE flow —> common bile duct or cystic duct (leads to gallbladder)

42
Q

Bile

A

Yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, bile acids

43
Q

Pancreas

A

Retroperitoneal gland (posterior to greater curvature of stomach)

44
Q

Small intestine : Duodenum

A

“Mixing bowl” receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretion. From pancreas and liver

Neutralizes stomach acids, emulsifies fats, pepsin inactivated by pH increase, pancreatic enzymes

45
Q

Small intestine : Jejunum

A

Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur here

46
Q

Small intestine: Ileum

A

Ends ileocecal junction

47
Q

Circulation

A

Small intestine receives nearly blood supply from Superior mesenteric artery

Superior mesenteric vein

Splenic vein and flows into hepatic portal system

48
Q

segmentation

A

Most common movement (mix and churn)

Peristaltic (moves chyme towards large intestines/colon)

49
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Most dietary carbohydrate : starch

Digestion begins in mouth —> salivary amylase —> hydrolyze starch —> oligosaccharides

Amylase —> pH of 6.8 -7 of oral

50% of dietary starch digested before reaching small intestine

Pancreatic amylase —> resumes starch digestion in intestine

Starch -> oligosaccharide -> Maltose Glucose -> absorbed by small intestines

50
Q

Proteins

A

Digest proteins -> proteases

Absent in saliva BUTTTT work in stomach

Stomach (pepsin)

Small intestine (action of pancreatic enzyme)

51
Q

Lipids

A

Fats emulsified than digested by lipase enzymes

52
Q

Nucleic acids, vitamins, minerals

A

Nucleases —> hydrolyze DNA and RNA into nucleotides

Vitamins —> are absorbed unchanged

Minerals —> electrolytes are absorbed all along the small intestine

53
Q

Water

A

Water absorbed by osmosis —> absorption of salts and organic nutrients

54
Q

Protein digestion and absorption

A

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin BYYYYY HCI —> chemical digestion protein

55
Q

Male/female combine their eggs

A

gametes (sex cells) = zygote (fertilized egg)

56
Q

What does the male reproductive system serves as?

A

Produce sperm and introduce them into female body

57
Q

What does female reproductive system serves as?

A

Produces eggs, receives sperm, provides for gametes union harbors fetus and nourishes offspring.

58
Q

Primary sex organs

A

Tetes and ovaries (produce gametes)

59
Q

Secondary sex organs

A

Organs other than gonads that are necessary for reproduction

60
Q

What is the SRY gene

A

Codes for protein, testes-determining factor that causes development of testes.

Secrete testosterone 8-9 weeks

Testes secrete mullerian-inhibiting factor causing degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts

61
Q

Embryonic development (3 structures)

A

External genitals of both sexes begin

Genital tubercle-> head of gland of penis or clitoris

Pair of urogenital folds-> enclose urethra of male helping to form penis or labia minora

Pair of labioscrotal folds-> scrotum or labia majora

62
Q

Spermatic cord has

A

Bundle of fibrous connective tissue

HAS: testicular (blood vessels) nerves, lymphatic vessels and ductus deferens

63
Q

Why and where are the testes located

A

In scrotum

Cooler environment

CANNOT PRODUCE SPERM AT CORE BODY TEMP 37C*

Needs to be 35C*

64
Q

Growth of sex organs

A

Penis, testes, ducts, glands

65
Q

What does testosterone maintain during adulthood

A

Libido , spermatogenesis, reproductive tract

66
Q

When there isn’t enough testosterone what happens

A

Raise in FSH and LH producing male (menopause)

67
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Inability to produce or maintain erectile sufficient for intercourse

68
Q

Process of meiosis

A

Reduces chromosomes # anddddd

Producing 4 daughter cells that will become sperm

69
Q

What’s the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis

A

Mitosis: two genetically identical daughter cells

Meiosis: produces gametes
Keeps chromosome constant (generation->generation)

2 cell divisions
Meiosis 1-> sperates homologous chromosome pairs into 2 haploid cells

Meiosis 2 -> separates duplicated sister chromatids into 4 haploid cells

70
Q

What does spermatogonia do

A

Produce 2 kinds of daughter cells

Type A- tubule wall as a stem cell

Type B- produces sperm (primary sperm)

71
Q

what makes up semen fluid

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid
30% prostatic fluid
10% sperm and spermatic duct secretions

72
Q

Sperm count

A

50-120 million/mL

Lower than 20/25 million/ mL = infertility

Test 3 For A&P 2 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions