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Test 3 For A&P 2 > Test 4 Ap > Flashcards

Test 4 Ap Flashcards

1
Q

Stages of digestion

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Compaction
Excretion

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2
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Hydrolysis reaction —> breaks dietary macromolecules into individual monomers

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3
Q

What are the enzymes found in chemical reaction

A

Polysaccharides (glucose)
Proteins (amino acids)
Lipids (monoglyceride/fatty acids)
Nucleic acids—-> nucleotides

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4
Q

What are the accesory organs

A

Teeth,tongue,salivary glands,liver,gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

What is in the digestive tract

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

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6
Q

Enteric nervous control

A

Esophagus, stomach, intestines

Regulates digestive tract mobility
Secretion
Blood flow

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7
Q

Nerve networks from enteric nervous control

A

Submucosa plexus- controls grandular secretion
Controls movement of muscularis mucosae

Myenteric plexus- parasympathetic (ganglia and nerve fiber)

Controls paristalsis

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8
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serious membrane that lines peritoneal cavity of abdomen

Most digestion occurs within this

NOT IN PERITONEUM CAVITY—> DUODENUM, PANCREAS, PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE

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9
Q

HAS TWO LAYERS

A

DORSAL - suspends Gi tract and forms serosa of STOMACH AND INTESTINES

VENTRAL- forms lesser and greater omentum

Lacy layer of connective tissue and contains lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, blood vessels

Appearance of this because of many holes pf gaps in the membrane and irregular distribution of fatty tissue

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10
Q

Regulation of digestive tract

A

Motility and secretion of digestive tract are controlled by

Neural

Hormonal- secreted into blood stream (stimulate distant parts of digestive tract)
Hormones created—> gastric and secretion

Paracrine secretions- chemical messengers diffuse through tissue fluid
Stimulate nearby cells
Secretions —-> histamine and prostaglandins

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11
Q

Teeth: Dentition

A

Deciduous : baby teeth (20) by age 2

Adult: (32) 16 in mandible and maxilla
Incisors, canines, premolars, molars

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12
Q

Tooth and gum disease

A

Humans mouth : 700 species of microorganisms

Plaque: sticky residue —> bacteria or sugars

Root canal therapy —-> if cavity reaches pulp

Gingivitis : inflammation of gums

Periodontal disease: destruction of supporting bone around teeth (may result in tooth loss)

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13
Q

Mastication or chewing (step 1)

A

Breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed

Contact of food with sensory receptors—> triggers chewing reflex

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14
Q

Functions of saliva

A

Moistens the mouth
Begins starch and fat digestion
Cleanse teeth
Inhibit bacteria
Moistens food and binds it together into bolus

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15
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

99.5% water and solutes

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16
Q

Hypotonic solution: amylase

A

Begins starch digestion

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17
Q

Hypotonic solution: Lingual lipase

A

Digest fat after reaches the stomach (activated by stomach acid)

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18
Q

Hypotonic solution: Mucous

A

Binds and lubricates mass of food and aids in swallowing

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19
Q

Hypotonic solution: Lysozyme

A

Enzyme that kills bacteria

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20
Q

Hypotonic solution: Immunoglobulin

A

Inhibits bacteria growth

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21
Q

PH of saliva/salivary glands

A

6.8 —> 7.0

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22
Q

Extrinsic glands

A

3 types:
Parotid gland: earlobe

Submandibular gland:

Sublingual gland: floor of mouth

2 cells

Mucous cell: secrete mucous

Serous cell —> secrete thin fluid (rich in enzymes) amylase and electrolytes

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23
Q

Salivation

A

Salivary glands secrete: 1 —-> 1.5 L of saliva per day

Salivary amylase —> beings to digest starch (food is chewed)

Binds food particles into soft —> slippery —> blous

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24
Q

The esophagus:

A

Mucosa: nonkaretinized stratified squamous epithelium

Submucosa: esophageal glands

Muscularis external: skeletal muscle in
Upper skeletal —-> smooth in bottom (shift)
Voluntary ———-> involuntary of swallowing

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25
Swallowing (deglutition)
Action involving 22 muscles Mouth —> pharynx —> esophagus Medulla oblongata coordinates swallowing
26
Stages in swallowing
Oral (buccal) phase :voluntary control Pharyngeal: involuntary control Esophageal: involuntary wave of muscular contraction and pushes bolus ahead of it
27
Oral (Buccal) phase
Tongue forms food bolus and pushes into laryngopharynx
28
Pharyngeal phase
Palate —> tongue —> vocal cords —> epiglottis Block ORAL — > NASAL —> airway Pharyngeal constrictors push bolus into esophagus
29
Esophageal phase
“Peristalsis” drive bolus downward Esophageal sphincter admits it into the stomach
30
Stomach intro
Mechanically breaks up food —-> liquifies —> chemical digestion of protein and fat CHYME = liquified portion of food Absorption = chyme passed on to small intestines.
31
Innervation of stomach
Parasympathetic —> fibers from vagus nerve Sympathetic —> fibers from celiac ganglia Stomach + intestines = drainage —> enters hepatic portal circulation —> filtered through liver
32
Cells of gastric glands: Regenerative (stem) cells
supply of new cells to replace cells that die
33
Cells of Gastric glands: Parietal cells
Secrete HCI acid and intrinsic factor
34
Cells of gastric glands: Cheif cells
Secrete pepsinogen in infancy (protein)
35
Cells of gastric glands: Enteroendocrine cells
Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers that regulate digestion G cell produce Gastrin
36
Intrinsic factor (parietal cells)
Essential for B12 absorption by small intestine Necessary for hemoglobin synthesis (not enough= anemia) RBC production
37
Pepsin (chief cells)
Protein digestion —> Secreted by pepsinogen HCI converts pepsinogen to pepsin (removes its amino acids)
38
Gastric lipase (chief ells)
Gastric / lingual lipase play minor role in digestion dietary fats
39
Chemical messengers( g cells)
Many produced by enteroendocrine cells of gastric and pyloric glands
40
Protection of stomach
Protected 3 ways BC HARSH ACIDIC —> ENZYMATIC ENVIRONMENT CREATED Mucous coat Tight junction: between epithelial cells prevent gastric juice from seeping between them Epithelial cell replacement : live 3-6 days Sloughed off into chyme and digested with food Replaced rapidly B cell division in gastric pits
41
Bile duct system
Right and Left hepatic Ducts -collect bile form all bile ducts Unit a common hepatic duct—> leaves liver BILE flow —> common bile duct or cystic duct (leads to gallbladder)
42
Bile
Yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, bile acids
43
Pancreas
Retroperitoneal gland (posterior to greater curvature of stomach)
44
Small intestine : Duodenum
“Mixing bowl” receives chyme from stomach and digestive secretion. From pancreas and liver Neutralizes stomach acids, emulsifies fats, pepsin inactivated by pH increase, pancreatic enzymes
45
Small intestine : Jejunum
Chemical digestion and nutrient absorption occur here
46
Small intestine: Ileum
Ends ileocecal junction
47
Circulation
Small intestine receives nearly blood supply from Superior mesenteric artery Superior mesenteric vein Splenic vein and flows into hepatic portal system
48
segmentation
Most common movement (mix and churn) Peristaltic (moves chyme towards large intestines/colon)
49
Carbohydrates
Most dietary carbohydrate : starch Digestion begins in mouth —> salivary amylase —> hydrolyze starch —> oligosaccharides Amylase —> pH of 6.8 -7 of oral 50% of dietary starch digested before reaching small intestine Pancreatic amylase —> resumes starch digestion in intestine Starch -> oligosaccharide -> Maltose Glucose -> absorbed by small intestines
50
Proteins
Digest proteins -> proteases Absent in saliva BUTTTT work in stomach Stomach (pepsin) Small intestine (action of pancreatic enzyme)
51
Lipids
Fats emulsified than digested by lipase enzymes
52
Nucleic acids, vitamins, minerals
Nucleases —> hydrolyze DNA and RNA into nucleotides Vitamins —> are absorbed unchanged Minerals —> electrolytes are absorbed all along the small intestine
53
Water
Water absorbed by osmosis —> absorption of salts and organic nutrients
54
Protein digestion and absorption
Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin BYYYYY HCI —> chemical digestion protein
55
Male/female combine their eggs
gametes (sex cells) = zygote (fertilized egg)
56
What does the male reproductive system serves as?
Produce sperm and introduce them into female body
57
What does female reproductive system serves as?
Produces eggs, receives sperm, provides for gametes union harbors fetus and nourishes offspring.
58
Primary sex organs
Tetes and ovaries (produce gametes)
59
Secondary sex organs
Organs other than gonads that are necessary for reproduction
60
What is the SRY gene
Codes for protein, testes-determining factor that causes development of testes. Secrete testosterone 8-9 weeks Testes secrete mullerian-inhibiting factor causing degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts
61
Embryonic development (3 structures)
External genitals of both sexes begin Genital tubercle-> head of gland of penis or clitoris Pair of urogenital folds-> enclose urethra of male helping to form penis or labia minora Pair of labioscrotal folds-> scrotum or labia majora
62
Spermatic cord has
Bundle of fibrous connective tissue HAS: testicular (blood vessels) nerves, lymphatic vessels and ductus deferens
63
Why and where are the testes located
In scrotum Cooler environment CANNOT PRODUCE SPERM AT CORE BODY TEMP 37C* Needs to be 35C*
64
Growth of sex organs
Penis, testes, ducts, glands
65
What does testosterone maintain during adulthood
Libido , spermatogenesis, reproductive tract
66
When there isn’t enough testosterone what happens
Raise in FSH and LH producing male (menopause)
67
Erectile dysfunction
Inability to produce or maintain erectile sufficient for intercourse
68
Process of meiosis
Reduces chromosomes # anddddd Producing 4 daughter cells that will become sperm
69
What’s the difference between Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis: two genetically identical daughter cells Meiosis: produces gametes Keeps chromosome constant (generation->generation) 2 cell divisions Meiosis 1-> sperates homologous chromosome pairs into 2 haploid cells Meiosis 2 -> separates duplicated sister chromatids into 4 haploid cells
70
What does spermatogonia do
Produce 2 kinds of daughter cells Type A- tubule wall as a stem cell Type B- produces sperm (primary sperm)
71
what makes up semen fluid
60% seminal vesicle fluid 30% prostatic fluid 10% sperm and spermatic duct secretions
72
Sperm count
50-120 million/mL Lower than 20/25 million/ mL = infertility

Test 3 For A&P 2 (2 decks)

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