Response To Microbes

Question 1

What attracts neutrophils

Answer 1

IL8/CXCL8

Question 2

Primary viral infection

Answer 2

Virus (viral capsule and internal viral proteins) infects epithelial cells by binding to a viral receptor and then replicates amongst them

Question 3

What is the effect of intracellular viral infection

Answer 3

Activation of cytokine and cytokine receptor genes, especially type I interferons (IFNa)

Question 4

Secretion of IFN-a involves __ feed back loop

Answer 4

Autocrine

Question 5

Local effects of IFNa

Answer 5

Inhibition of viral gene replication

Upregulation of MHCI

Question 6

With intracellular viral infection, viral peptides will appear in ___ peptide binding groove

Answer 6

MHCI

Question 7

Viral infection results in cell ___ and viral ___

Answer 7

Death

Replication

Question 8

Viral components activate ___ cells and locally release cytokines and chemokines amplify the activation of ___ and ___

Answer 8

Denrtites

Macrophages and APC

Question 9

What are the dendritic cells in skin

Answer 9

Langerhans

Question 10

What do dendritic cells do

Answer 10

Engulf and transport to lymph nodes via lymphatics

Question 11

Cytokines and chemokines upregulate endothelial cell expression of what

Answer 11

Adhesion molecules such as ICAM1

Question 12

Il8/cxcl8

Answer 12

Begin to attract cells through the endothelium towards the site of infection

Question 13

Locally released cytokines such as IL1 and TNFa from macrophages

Answer 13

Enter bloodstream and have systemic effects of fever and arthralgia/myalgia

Question 14

Dendritic cells enter lymph nodes and move to __ __

Answer 14

Germinal center

Question 15

Local inflammation has what effect on nodes

Answer 15

Upregulation of adhesion molecules on HEV and lymphocytes directly enter from the blood
Many lymphocytes becomes trapped in inflamed node
SWELLING , hyperaemia, tender

Question 16

Dendrites and APC are surrounded int he lymph node germinal center by _ cells

Answer 16

T

Question 17

T cellls possessing TCR complementraty to class IIMHC molecule/viral peptide complex are activated and become what

Answer 17

Helper T cell

Question 18

Virgin B cells acquiring viral particles through attachment to IgM or IgD process and present to ___, in turn to receive a positive growth and differentiation signals

Answer 18

TH2

Question 19

IgM antiviral antibody is produced as a result whilst some B cells differentiate and classs switch, leading later to production of high affinity __

Answer 19

IgG

Question 20

What surface molecules contribute to interaction of TCR with APC

Answer 20

CD4/MHCII and CD80/86 to CD28

Question 21

CTL recognize viral peptides cross presented by _

Answer 21

DC

Question 22

TH and CTL leave the lymph node via the draining lymphatics towards other lymph nodes, ultimately to enter the ___

Answer 22

Blood

Question 23

When TH and CTL leave node what are their attributes

Answer 23

Have virus specific TCR
Up regulation adhesion molecules to allow migration into the inflamed tissues
Upregulated cytokine production

Question 24

NK cells may be recruited at two points during viral infection

Answer 24

Early, innate antiviral role following activation by epithelium derived cytokines
Or latera stage activated by TH1 cells specific for virus

Question 25

Activated CTL kill virally infected cells | Local TH1 and TH2 calls now organize the local antiviral immune response

Answer 25

Ok

Question 26

Virus infected cells secrete and express viral proteins.

Answer 26

May be neutralized or removed by antibody in the form of immune complexes, which are cleared or antibody int he form of immune complexes, which are cleared, or antibody may be used to guide Fc receptor expressing NK cells

Question 27

After resolution of the viral infection, what is there

Answer 27

Virus specific memory t and B cells reside in nodes, spleen and bone marrow Plasma cells

Question 28

Primarybacterial infection

Answer 28

Break in epithelial surface allows bacteria entry and proliferation

Question 29

Surface __ may activate the alternative complement pathway or mannan-binding lectin pathway leading to bacterial lysis

Answer 29

LPS

Question 30

Other complement activators

Answer 30

C reactive protein which binds bacterial coat polysaccharides

Question 31

Mas cell granulation does what

Answer 31

Enhances blood flow, edema

Question 32

How is increased blood flow and edema perceived

Answer 32

Itchiness and irritation int he inflamed area

Question 33

__, __ neutrophils adhere to the vein wall as locally released chemokines and bacterial derived molecules activate both the endothelium and the neutrophils, resulting in adhesion between the two

Answer 33

Rolling, marginating

Question 34

What bacterial products attract neutrophils

Answer 34

F-MLP, complement fragments like C5a and chemokines IL8/CXCL8

Question 35

Opsonised bacteria are rapidly engulfed and killed by ___

Answer 35

Neutrophils

Question 36

Dendritic cells do what

Answer 36

Engulf and internalize bacteria and are activated via pattern recognition receptors and migrate via the lymphatics

Question 37

Bacterial antigens are processed and presented in local lymph nodes

Answer 37

Ok

Question 38

__ cells are recruited and activated by APC in lymph node nad B cells, promoting the production of bacteria-specific antibodies

Answer 38

Th

Question 39

Naive T cells become differentiated towards TH1 and TH2 according to the dendritic cell signals

Answer 39

Initially IgM is produced followed by colonial expansion and switching to other classes

Question 40

Early antibacterial antibody is __

Answer 40

IgM

Question 41

IgM is a __ complement activator

Answer 41

Potent

Question 42

Following resolution of bacterial infection

Answer 42

Memory cells and production of antibody Bacterial debris removed by local neutrophils or by antibody soluble immune complexes