Retina Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
How many layers does the retina have?
A)10
B)12
C)13
D)15
A
10
2
Q
The retina extends over the (anterior/posterior) 2/3 of globe
A
posterior
3
Q
What is the correct terminology for the vitreous humor?
A
vitreous body
4
Q
The (iris/retina/ciliary body) is connected to Bruch’s membrane (internally/externally)
A
retina
externally
5
Q
The retina is (thick/thin) (opaque/transparent) membrane
A
thin, transparent
6
Q
The retina is reddish because of purple _____
A
rhodopsin
7
Q
T/F the retina bleaches secondary to light exposure
A
T
8
Q
When does the retina gray of opacify after death? A)1 hr B)2 hr C) 1 day D)2 days
A
1 hour
9
Q
(cones/Rods) detect light and movement
A
rods
10
Q
(cones/Rods) detect color and form vision
A
cones
11
Q
T/F rods and cones are named due to their function
A
F named due to their appearance of thier outer segments
12
Q
Rods have __ like apearance
A
rod
13
Q
cones have a ___ shaped outer segments
A
conical
14
Q
Retina is a (thick/thin) centrally and peripherally
A
thin
15
Q
Which part of the retina is the thickest?
- optic disc:
- ora serrata:
- fovea centralis:
- macula lutea region:
A
macula lutea region
16
Q
(Fundus oculi/optic/faveola) nerve is the internal background of the eye
A
fundus oculi
17
Q
The orange red color found on the fundus oculi come from the (sclera/choroid) blood vessels and the (RPE/INL/OML)
A
choroid
RPE_retinal pigmented epithelium
18
Q
People who are fair reveal much (darker/lighter) fundus oculi in contrast to people with darker skin tones who have (darker/lighter) fundus oculi
A
lighter
darker
19
Q
Albinos one can see (sclera/choroidal) vessels through the retina and the white scleral tissue
A
choroidal
20
Q
T/F Albinos are almos devoid of of pigment in the fundus oculi , and are extremely photophobic
A
T
21
Q
(hyperopic/myopic) funduslooks like it has _____ compared to normal fundus (describe what it looks like )
A
myopic
tiger stripes
22
Q
The optic nerve leavesthe eye at the (optic disc/retina/ sclera)–what another name for it?
A
optic disc
papilla
23
Q
The optic nerve is located 3 mm (temporally/medially) to and slightly above the (anterior/posterior) pole
A
medially
posterior
24
Q
optic disc is devoid of ______ its projection into space produce ___ spot
A
photreceptors
blind
25
The fovea centralis is located (temporal/medial) to and below the (anterior/posteror) pole
temporal
| posterior
26
```
the fovea centralis is __ to __ in diamter
A)1-2
B)2 -5
C) 1-3
D)2-3
```
1-2
27
-Retinal thinning
-shallow depression in the surface
-nerve elements heap to form Henle's layer
--all of these describe which one
(fundus oculi/fovea centrali/optic nerve)
fovea centralis
28
Foveola only contains (rods/cones) and is within the ____ and is ___mm in diameter
A)0.10
B)0.55
C) 0.35
D)0.45
cones
fovea
0.35
29
Macula lutea also known as the ___ spot. what color pigment is found here ?
yellow
| yellow(xanthophyll)
30
Give the order started from the most central to the most outer: - fovea/parafoveal area/perifoveal area/foveola
1. foveola
2. fovea
3. parafoveal area
4. perifoveal area
31
the (fovea/macula lutea/ora serrata) separates teh neural part of the retinal periphery from the ciliary body
-it lies __ mm (behind/infont) the limbus
A)10
B)8.5
C) 10.5
D)9.5
ora serrata
behind
8.5
32
```
the ora serrata lies __ mm (front/behind) of the equator
A)7
B)8
C) 10
D)6
```
6
| front
33
T/F the retainal blood vessels have a non-characteristic pattern on the fundus
F. the retinal blood vessels have a CHARACTERISTIC pattern on the fundus
34
Retinal arteris are (thinner/thicker) and (darker/lighter)
thinner
| lighter
35
Retinal veins are (thinner/wider) and (lighter/darker
thinner
| darker
36
The fovea (should/should not) contain any vessels for clarity
should not
37
The retina (should/shouldn't) have anastomoses present in the retinal blood vessels normally.
should not
38
The four layers of the retina are as follows fill in the blank:
1. _____ epithelial layer
2. __________ layer
3. _______ cell layer
4. _______ cell layer
pigment
photoreceoptor
intermediate
ganglion
39
Which retinal layer forms a single stratum cells attached to Bruch's membrane
1. Pigment Epithelial Layer
2. Photoreceptor Layer
3. Intermediate Cell Layer
4. Ganglion Cell Layer
1. Pigment Epithelial Layer
40
```
How many single stratum cells in the pigment epithelial layer are their in each eye?
A)1 billion
B)5 billion
C)1 million
D)5 million
```
5 million
41
Which retinal layer protects receptors from excessive and scattered light?
1. Pigment Epithelial Layer
2. Photoreceptor Layer
3. Intermediate Cell Layer
4. Ganglion Cell Layer
1. Pigment Epithelial Layer
42
The pigment epithelial layer (does/doesn't) demonstrate mitosis
does not
43
T/F in the pigmented epithelial layer cells neighbors occupy their places when they are dead
T
44
In the PE layer each cell is in contact with an average of up to ___ photoreceptors
A)10
B)70
C)50
D)45
45
45
- Absorption of light and removal of heat
- Restricts stray light; protects receptors from undesirable effects of light
--ALL THESE dsscribe which layer
pigment epithelial layer
46
- Provides photoreceptors with nutrients/ O2
- Reservoirs of useful substances (ex. Vit A)
- Provide slow disintegration, a role in phagocytotic activity
--ALL THESE describe which layer
pigment epithelial layer
47
Photoreceoptors are sensory cells that transform ___ into ____ energy by chemical process
light , electrical
48
Photoreceoptors have a _____ arrangement which is a paralled pickett fence like appearance
palisade
49
Rods have an outer segment which is the _______ part and contains rhodopsin has around 600-1000 loosely staocked ____ units (lamellae)
photsensitive
disc
50
lamellae is also known as what?
disc units
51
```
Lamellae is formed at a rate of __to__ per hour at the (bottom/top) of the segment
A)2-7
B)3-5
C)2-8
D)1-5
```
1-5
bottom
52
T/F in the photorecpetor layer there is no anatomical connection exists between the pigment epithelium and the receptors and this leads to the ease with which the two layers can be ‘detached’ in some pathological situations.
T
53
(Rods/cones) have a Sloughing of a group of 30 from the top of the segment and takes place in the (morning/midafternoon) or in light after long dark periods
rods
morning
54
T/F Rod lamellae can be completely renewed over 1-2 weeks
T
55
Rods (are/aren't) sensitive to light
are
56
(Rods/cones) are responsible for low light vision conditions
rods
57
T/F in rods sensation is not the same for all wavelength of light
F it is the same
58
Several rods go to __ bipolar cell
1
59
T/F because several rods connecte with one bipolar cells it produces convergence of impulses
T
60
T/F cones are longer than rods
F shorter
61
Outer segment lamellae of cones are attached to the ____ membrane
cell
62
what is the name of the cone pigment?
iodopsin
63
Cones (do/do not) react to small amounts of light
do NOT- this is why colors are not seen during night vision
64
Why is it significant that cones do not react to small amounts of light ?
why colors are not seen during night vision
65
Cones also shed its disc which are eventally phaocytosed by ___
RPE
66
When does shedding of discs in cones usually occur ?
during end of the day , periodicially
67
what are the colors cones are most sensitive in order from longest wavelenght to shortest:
1 red/longest
2. green/medium
3. blue/short
68
T/F cones can only have reactions to blue, green , red wavelengths
F. those are only the ones they are most sensitive to react to but they react to more wavelengths
69
T/F rhodopsin has a intrinsic membrane
T
70
Rhodopsin is found in ____ and some extent ___ memebrane of rod (inner/outer) segment
discs, plasma
| outer
71
Where is rhodopsin most prevalent?
discs
72
Rhodopsin has vitamin __
A
73
Put in order the cycle of how rhodopsin is reproduced in the retina
1. bathorhodopsin
2. rhodopisn
3. trans retinal and opsin
4. 11-cis retinal
5. metarhodospin
6. retinal isomerase
-which two combine to make rhodopin
2. rhodopisn
1. bathorhodopsin
5. metarhodospin
3. trans retinal and opsin
6. retinal isomerase
4. 11-cis retinal
4 and 3 combine to make rhodopsin
74
A partially degraded ganglioside that accumulates in neural, ocular and other tissues in the course _(Vitamin A deficiency/Tay'sachs ganglioside /cataracts)
Tay-sachs ganglioside
75
Tay-Sachs disease disease is a result of (hexaminodase A/vitamin A) deficiency
hexaminodase A
76
Hexominadase A enzyme normally catalyzes the breakdown of (cataracts/ganglioside/triglycerides) molesulces as new molecules are synthesized
ganglioside
77
In Tay-Sachs disease there is an accumulation of ____ in the retina and ganglion cells degenerate ____ red spot
GM2
| cherry
78
T/F Tay sachs blindness occurs late in the disease
F early
79
Failure to develop motor/mental capacities
-death at 3-6 yrs of age
--describes what disease
(vitamin A deficiency/tay sachs/gluacoma)
tay sachs
80
11-cis vitamin A aldehyd (retinal) +opsin-- is what vitamin __ made up of
A
81
Vitamin a is __(fat/water)_ soluble vitamin
fat
82
What class of lipids doe vitamin A belong to ?
isoprenoid
83
What color veggies would have vitamin A?
yellow
84
Retinyl esters are _(vegetable/animal)___ sources of vitamin __
animal , A
85
Beta caroten and retinyl esters are dietary sources of ______
vitamin A
86
```
Retinoid acid
retinyl esters
retinol
retinal
--these are all chemical forms of what?
```
vitamin A
87
T/F retinoic acid is involved in both the formation of glycoproteins and the maturation of epithelial cells including corneal epithelia
T
88
T/F only retinyl esters are converted to vitamin A alcohol in the gut
F Both retinyl esters and beta carotene
89
In the gut, both retinyl esters and beta carotene are converted to vitamin A alcohol (retinol); it is re-esterified and incorporated into ____ for liver transport
chylomicra
90
Vitamin A transport is conveyed principally to the liver where re-__(esterificaion/conversion to alcohol/alkylation)___ and storage occur.
-esterification
91
Mobilization of vitamin A (retinol) takes place after binding to two proteins:
pick two
1. retinol
2. prealbumin
3. retinol binding protien
4. retinal
4. retinoic acid
RBP -retinol binding protein
| PA-prealbumin
92
RBP is (outside/inside) the cell and PA is (in/out) of bloodstream
inside
| in
93
RBP and PA transport vitamin __ into the retinal and corneal (endothelial/epithelial) cells
A
| epithelial
94
T/FUpon reaching its target cell, retinol is released and transported, via a receptor protein, into the cell cytoplasm.
T
95
loss of night vision
- describes which vitamin A deficieny ?
- Keratomalacia
- Xerophthalmia
- Nyctalopia
nyctalopia
96
Dry eyes; hardening of the corneal conjunctival epithelium with loss of conjunctival secretions
- describes which vitamin A deficieny ?
- Keratomalacia
- Xerophthalmia
- Nyctalopia
Xerophthalmia
97
degeneration of the corneal epithelium, could cause corneal perforation
- describes which vitamin A deficieny ?
- Keratomalacia
- Xerophthalmia
- Nyctalopia
Keratomalacia
98
-Keratomalacia
-Xerophthalmia
-Nyctalopia
Give the order of vitamin A dificiency
- Nyctalopia
- Xerophthalmia
- Keratomalacia
99
T/F if a pt only has loss of night vision there is a larger chance of recovery from vitamin A defiency
T
100
Adverse symptoms include: abdominal pain, blurred vision, drowsiness, headache, irritability, nausea, and vomiting
-all are symptoms of vitamin A defiency/excess)
vitamin A excess
101
Excess of vitamin A causes (decrease/increase) gluconeogensis and protein turnover
increase
102
Daily intake of excess _____I U of vitamin A adverse symtptome begin to appear
A)10,000
B)70,000
C)50,000
D)45,000
10000
103
T/F Other than blurred vision, however, excessive vitamin A intake does not seem to have any other ocular effects.
T
104
(Cone/rods) compared to (rods/cones) make more direct synapse to bipolar cells
cones, rods
105
fewer (rods/cones) are connected to a single bipolar cell
cones
106
(cones/rods) provide more localized information
cones
107
```
There are __to ___ million rods
A)110-125
B)70-100
C)210-310
D)110-210
```
110-125
108
```
there are ___ million cones
A)6.5
B)7.5
C)5.5
D)4.5
```
6.5
109
```
central fovea of cones has ______ cones/mm2
A)150000
B)750000
C)550000
D)40000
```
150000
110
central fovea of rods has ______ rods/mm2
0
111
5-6mm from fovea of rods _______ rods/mm2
160000---PAY ATTENTION TO THIS NUMBER IN CLASS HE SAID HE WAS INTERESTED IN THIS !
112
What is the support network to hold photreceptors together?
outer limiting membrane
113
what membrane is not considered a real membrane, rather it's an outcrop of mueller's connective tissue fibers
_-(RPE/OLM/INL)
OLM
114
Outer limiting membrane is a condenstaion of (aqueous humor/cyoplasm/vitreous humor)
cytoplasm
115
-Photoreceptor axons
-Synapses formed w/ bipolar cell dendrites
-Connections between horizontal cells and photoreceptor synapses
--- all of these describe what layer
(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL)
OPL
| outer plexiform layer
116
Formed by the bodies of the cells found in the Inner Nuclear Layer
≈10 cells deep at the macula and only one cell deep peripherally
--- all of these describe what layer
(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL)
GCL
| ganglion cell layer
117
```
Contains cell bodies from:
Bipolar cells
Horizontal cells
Amacrine cells
Interplexiform cells
Müeller’s connective fibers
--- all of these describe what layer
(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL)
```
INL
| inner nuclear layer
118
Mango cells, parvo cell, konio cells are in what layer?(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL) which of these cells is more abundant
GCL, parvo
119
Mango cells, parvo cell, konio cells --which of these has a big cell body with many dendrites and therefroe large receptor field
magno cells
120
T/F ganglion cells vary in size
T
121
Includes: ganglion cell axons
These carry nervous impulses via the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus
Fibers are enveloped by extensions of Müeller’s fibers and astrocytes.
--- all of these describe what layer
(OLM/OPL/GCL/INL/NFL)
NFL
| nerve fiber layer
122
Astrocytes and microglia are ___ glial cells
retinal
123
found in the ganglion and nerve fiber layer
have short and long projections extending in all directions
promote movement from and to the vascular system (nourishment function)
--describe which retinal glial cell (astrocytes/microglia)
astrocytes
124
Small connective cells
Few present in healthy tissues
Proliferate for phagocytosis where damage is present
--describe which retinal glial cell (astrocytes/microglia)
microglia
125
Retinal blood supply is mostly from the (peripheral/central/medial) retinal artery
central
126
- At the optic disc:
- ↓ (divide into)
- ↓(divide into)
1. Nasal and Temporal branches
2. Main retinal vessels
3. Superior and Inferior branches
-put them in order
```
2.Main retinal vessels
↓ (divide into)
3.Superior and Inferior branches
↓(divide into)
1.Nasal and Temporal branches
```
127
T/F in the retinal blood supply there is anasomoses
F there is NO anastomoses
128
REtinal blood supplyCapillary Network:
(Densest/thinnest) near the macula
(Absent/present) at the fovea
(Lacking/abundant) in a small area behind the ora serrata
densest
absent
lacking
129
T/F Retinal veins accompany the respective arteries some distance away
T
130
Retinal blood supply (does/doesnt) have several crossing
does
131
(peripheral/central/temporal) retinal vein exits at the optic disc
central
