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pathology block 4 > review deck > Flashcards

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1
Q

4 types of fibrocystic changes

A

duct proliferation
duct dilation
apocrine metaplasia
fibrosis

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2
Q

3 fibrocystic changes associated with increased risk of breast CA

A

ductal hyperplasia- 2x
sclerosing adenosis- 2x
atypical hyperplasia- 5x

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3
Q

cell type and staining in rhabdomyosarcoma

A

cell type- rhabdomyoblast

staining + myogenic and desmin

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4
Q

3 risk factors for cervical cancer

A

HPV infection
smoking
immune deficiency

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5
Q

somatic mutation associated with development of cervical cancer

A

LKB1 (Peutz-Jeghers)

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6
Q

most important risk factor for the progression of endometrial hyperplasia to carcinoma

A

atypia

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7
Q

hyperplasia pathway endometrial CA (arises from, influenced by, assoc mutation, spread)

A

arises from hyper plastic endometrium
influenced by unopposed estrogen
assoc with PTEN mutation
spreads locally

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8
Q

sporadic pathway endometrial CA (arises from, histologic finding, assoc mutation, spread)

A

arises from atrophic endometrium
histologic- psammoma bodies
p53 mutation
aggressive spread

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9
Q

3 histologic classifications of endometrial hyperplasia

A

simple- cystic
complex- crowded
atypical- crowded and atypical

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10
Q

unique mets for ovarian cystadenocarcinoma

A

to omentum (omental caking)

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11
Q

2 types of GYN tumors with psammoma bodies

A

ovarian cystadeno/carcinoma

sporadic endometrial ca

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12
Q

most common cause of pregnancy loss (0-12 weeks, 13-19 weeks, 20-24 weeks, over 25 weeks)

A

0-12 weeks- chromosomal
13-19 weeks- organ specific
20-24 weeks- inflammatory
over 25 weeks- vascular/placental

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13
Q

teratogenic effects of isotretinoin, phenytoin and cyclopamide

A

isotretinoin- hearing/visual, cleft lip/palate
phenytoin- digit hypoplasia, cleft lip/palate
cyclopamide- cycloplegia

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14
Q

epithelium of ovary

A

simple cuboidal

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15
Q

epithelium of fallopian tubes

A

simple columnar

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16
Q

epithelium of uterus

A

simple columnar

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17
Q

call-exner bodies

A

in granolas cell tumors of the ovary, rosette pattern with pink (eosinophilic) center

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18
Q

uterine changes from adenomyosis

A

diffuse enlargement

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19
Q

biggest risk factor for penile CA

A

being uncircumcised

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20
Q

epispadias is related to ___ which has an increased risk for ____

A

bladder exostrophy

adenocarcinoma of the bladder

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21
Q

appearance of the testes after mumps orchitis

A

patchy atrophy, may lead to infertility

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22
Q

elevated B-HCG in men can cause (2)

A

gynecomastia, hyperthryoidism

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23
Q

why does bHCG cause hyperthyroidism?

A

very similar in structure to TSH, can bind receptor

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24
Q

where is inhibin made? function?

A

made in seminiferous tubules

functions to exert - feedback on FSH

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25
patent processus vaginalis increases risk for (2)
indirect inguinal hernia | hydrocele
26
klinefleters- chromosomes, hormones
47 XXY low testosterone, increased FSH and LH, increased estrogen
27
3 changes in kidney secondary to malignant nephrosclerosis
flea bitten appearacne fibrinoid necrosis onion skinning
28
4 predisposing factors to renal papillary necrosis
DM analgesic abuse sickle cell chronic pyelonephritis
29
in membranous GN, autoantibodies are directed against-
podocytes
30
why does diabetic nephropathy initially cause hyper filtration?
affects efferent arteriole first
31
what is the appearance of the glomerulus in diffuse proliferative GN?
wire loop
32
2 m/c causes of asymptomatic hematuria
IgA nephropathy | benign familial hematuria (thin BM)
33
histologic finding in chronic pyelonephritis
thyroidization
34
2 findings in malakoplakia
raised mucosal lesions in bladder, PAS+ macrophages in kidney
35
condition associated with angiomyolipoma of the kidney
tuberous sclerosis
36
gene loss in sporadic RCC
VHL (3p)
37
pathogenesis of RCC
loss of VHL - increased IGF1 - increased HIF - increased VEGF
38
WAGR syndrome
Wilms, aniridia, genital, retardation (WT1)
39
Denys-Drash
Wilms, male pseudohermaphrodite (WT1)
40
Beckwith-Wiedeman
Wilms, organomegaly, hemihypertrophy (WT2)
41
3 causes of SCC of bladder
chronic cystitis, schistosoma hematobium, chronic renal stones
42
3 causes of adenocarcinoma of bladder
bladder exostrophy urachal remnant cystitis glandularis
43
most RCC originate from what part of the nephron
proximal tubules
44
antibodies associated with idiopathic membranous nephropathy
IgG4 antibodies against PLA2R
45
what does ANCA stand for?
anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
46
what is the MOST specific urine finding for acute pyelonephritis?
WBC casts
47
appearance of GBM in Alport disease
lamellated
48
shape of cysteine stones
hexagonal
49
effect of prolonged obstructive uropathy on kidneys
parenchymal pressure atrophy
50
describe recovery phase of ATN, complications (2)
recovery = polyuric phase | complications are dehydration, hypokalemia
51
why do RCC cells appear clear?
full of lipid and glycogen
52
labs in post-strep GN (5)
elevated ASO titer, elevated anti-DNase B, decreased C3, decreased total complement, present cryoglobulins
53
precursor to wilm's tumor
nephrogenic "rests"
54
HSP characteristic kidney/skin/GI/joint findings
kidney- IgA immune complexes Skin- palpable purpura GI- pain, bleeding Joints- pain
55
TTP-HUS pentad
fever, neurologic symptoms, renal failure, anemia, low platelets
56
why does TTP-HUS cause renal symptoms? blood smear?
microvascular thrombosis of renal vessels, blood smear has schistocytes
57
BRCA1
medullary breast cancer cystdenocarcinoma of the ovary/tubes 17q21
58
BRCA2
``` breast cancer (males, females) 13q12.3 ```
59
CDH
gene for E-cadherin (lost in LCIS and invasive lobular carcinoma)
60
p53 mutations present in (3)
sporadic pathway of endometrial ca flat transitional cell cancer non-HPV vulvar cancer
61
LKB1
peutz-jeghers | associated with cervical cancer
62
PTEN mutations present in (2)
hyperplasia pathway of endometrial cancer | prostate cancer
63
NR51A and ESR2
endometriosis
64
GSTP1 and TMPRSS2-ETS
prostate cancer
65
PKDH1
fibrocystin | AR PKD
66
APKD 1/2
polycystin | AD PKD
67
NPHS2
podocin | MCD and FSGS
68
VHL
3p | renal cell carcinoma (clear cell)
69
MET
papillary RCC
70
WT1
11p13- WAGR, DD
71
WT2
11p15.5- BW

pathology block 4 (18 decks)

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