review exam 1 Flashcards
exam 1 (86 cards)
1
Q
Hemidesmosome
A
specialized IF structure that anchors skin cells
2
Q
Desmosomes
A
specialized IF structures
3
Q
cell type of lamins
A
all nucleated cells
4
Q
cell type of vimentin
A
mesenchymal cells: endothelial cells and fibroblasts
5
Q
cell type of desmin
A
muscle cells
6
Q
cell type of glial fibrillary acidic protein
A
glial cells- astrocytes
7
Q
cell type of neurofilamin
A
neurons
8
Q
cell type pf keratin
A
epithelial cells
9
Q
cytoskeleton sizes
A
microtubules> IF? microfilaments
10
Q
Microtubules subunit
A
tubulin
11
Q
Microfilaments subunit
A
actin
12
Q
intermediate filaments subunit
A
lamins, keratin, desmin, neurofilamin, vimentin, GFAP
13
Q
MT accessory proteins
A
TAU
14
Q
MT hyperstable structures
A
cilia, flagella, centrioles
15
Q
MF hyperstable structures
A
sarcomere, microvilli
16
Q
IF hyperstable structure
A
desmosome, hemi-desmosom
17
Q
MT motors
A
dyenin (retrograde)
kinesin (orthograde)
18
Q
MF motor
A
myosin
19
Q
IF motor
A
none
20
Q
MT functions
A
cilia/flagella functions, mitotic spindle, organele/cargo transport
21
Q
MF functions
A
phagocytosis, cytokenisis,
cell motility,
force generation,
membrane stabilization
22
Q
IF function
A
mechanical integrity (nucleus, cell-cell, cell-matrix)
23
Q
MT drugs
A
taxol. vinca alkaloids/ colchine/vinblastine
24
Q
MT medical significance
A
kartageners, cancer chemotherapy, dementias
25
MF medical significance
hereditary spherocytes, listeria infection, smallpox/vaccinia
26
IF medical significance
laminopathies, blistering diseases, cancer diagnosis
27
lamins are responsible
connecting chromatin to the nuclear membrane
28
progeria
laminopathy
29
Restrictive dermopathy
laminopathy
30
when the nuclear envelope is intact in what state are the lamins?
dephosphorylated state
31
interphase
intact nuclear envelope
32
lamins are phosphorylated by a ______ during ______
lamins are phosphorylated by a kinase during early mitosis
33
early in mitosis what happens once lamins are phosphorylated?
the chromatin-nuclear membrane connection to breaks apart beginning the process of nuclear membrane disassembly and chromosome condensation
34
correlation between Hnt severity and age
severity of symptoms is inversely related with age
35
Sines blocks what for which purpose?
they block exportin-1, because exportin-1 is used by cancer cells to pump out tumor suppressors but by blocking exportin-1 the tumor suppressors stay in the nucleus. Anti-cancer drug
36
Leukotrienes
induces bronchoconstriction and vasodilation
37
lipid rafts are critical for (3):
(1) signal transduction
(2) endocytosis
(3) rapid re-organization of the membrane
38
Glucose permease.... tell me more about it
it is a way to transport small molecules against their concentration gradient. Here we are trying to move glucose from the intestinal lumen to the blood. First it need to pass the intestinal epithelium, and which is high in glucose. We use a glucose/ sodium simporter to get into the cell and then glucose will travel to the permease channel to go into the blood. Sodium is pumped out by a sodium/potassium ATPase
39
Factors affecting membrane fluidity (4)
(1) Double bonds
(2) acyl chain length
(3) temperature (heat)
(4) cholesterol
40
measles virus
phospholipid fusogenicity
41
lipid rafts are critical for (3):
(1) signal transduction
(2) endocytosis
(3) rapid re-organization of the membrane for extracellular matrix modification and motility
42
what happens at the Cis Golgi?
mannose gets phosphorylated at the 6th position
43
Where does mannose-6-phosphate goes?
lysosome!!!
44
do we recycle the M6P receptor?
Yes! it is transported back to the trans golgi
45
do we recycle the M6P receptor?
Yes! it is transported back to the trans golgi
46
what is the Key point of Lysosomal storage diseases
they are due to a single enzyme deficiency.....
I-CELL DISEASE IS AN EXCEPTION!!!!!
47
what is the Key point of Lysosomal storage diseases
they are due to a single enzyme deficiency.....
I-CELL DISEASE IS AN EXCEPTION!!!!!
48
______ returns lamins to the de-phosphorylated state
phosphatase returns lamins to the de-phosphorylated state
49
What happens during nuclear membrane assembly/disassembly late in mitosis?
once lamins are phosphorylated, the nuclear membrane assembles and chromosomes decondensation occurs
50
What happens to HNT proteins?
the protein acquires the ability to enter the nucleus of brain neurons and gum up the works and causing cell death
51
membrane fluidity double bonds:
Cis vs trans
the more kinkier the cis double bond the more fluid it is.
Trans are not kinky and therefore are less fluid
52
Membrane Fluidity: acyl chain length
shorter vs longer
shorter are more fluid
53
membrane fluidity: temperature
low vs high
higher temperature are more fluid
54
membrane fluidity:
Cholesterol
more vs less
more cholesterol less fluid
55
membrane fluidity:
Cholesterol
more vs less
more cholesterol less fluid
56
HIV enters by
Fusing with the plasma membrane using phospholipid fusogenicity
57
Rabies enters through
RME and fuse with endosome membrane
58
Influenza virus enters through
RME and fuse with endosome membrane
59
major functional organizers of the membrane, bringing lipids and proteins together
lipid rafts
60
Lipid rafts are composed of
specialized cholesterol and sphingolipid-rich lipid-protein allowing them to move rapidly within the membrane
61
LDL-cholesterol uptake
ligand degraded, receptor recycled
62
reveled the mechanism of cholesterol transport into cells and the role of LDL in CVD
familial hypercholesterolemia
63
Tangier is caused
by a defect in ABC ATPase that pumps cholesterol out of cells
64
led to our understanding of the role of HDL in CVD
Tangiers
65
Targeting signal and organelle for:
Hnt
short basic aa sequence and nucleus
66
Targeting signal and organelle for:
Zellweger/NALD
SKL tripeptide and peroxisome
67
Targeting signal and organelle for:
mitochondriapathies
70-80 aa sequence near N- terminus and mitochondria
68
Targeting signal and organelle for:
I-Cell
mannose-6-phosphate and lysosome
69
Targeting signal and organelle for:
dilated cardiomyopathies
KDEL tetrapeptide and ER
70
Required knowledge:
Fabry
Sphingolipid metabolism defect: first LSD successfully tx. with enzyme replacement therapy
71
Required knowledge:
Gaucher
sphingolipid metabolism defect: also successfully tx. with enzyme replacement therapy
72
Required knowledge:
Mucopolysaccharidoses
defect in one of the several enzymes needed to break down GAGs (aka mucopolysaccharides); several are now tx. with enzyme replacement or enzyme enhancement therapies
73
Required knowledge:
I-Cell disease
defect in phospholytransferase which does not allow the phosphorylation of M6P
74
key point of LSD
individual LSD is 1/100000 but overall likelihood is in 1/5000 due to the many enzymes in that pathway
75
self-recognition
role of carbohydrates on membrane glycoproteins in determining blood types
76
Coccidiosis/ toxoplasmosis mechanism
interaction of coccidial parasites with cell surface carbohydrates
77
Mycoplasma pneumonia
sucks cholesterols out of the base of respiratory cilia
78
lipid composition of membranes is
asymmetrical
79
clathrin-coated pits _______ and pinck off to form an endosome
invaginates
80
in phagocytosis the plasma membrane ______
evaginates
81
critical fact in signal hypothesis
first 20-25 aa translated will determine if it will stay in the cytoplasm or be secreted
82
All protein synthesis starts with the _________ aa
N-terminal
83
protein that will be secreted contain a
hydrophobic signal peptide
84
fates of proteins from cytosol ribosomes (4)
cytoplasm
nucleus
mitochondria
peroxisomes
85
fates of proteins from ER ribosomes
```
plasma membrane
ER
Golgi
lysosomes
secretion
```
86
defects in KDEL lead to
dilated cardiomyopathies
