Review for Test 1 Answers Flashcards
This is the answers to the review sheet given to us
1
Q
What is abnormal psychology?
A
studies the abnormal behaviors and ways of helping people affected by psychological disorders
2
Q
What is the purpose of abnormal psychology?
A
Describe, explain, predict and control problem behaviors
3
Q
What are symptoms?
A
Characteristics present that distinguish the disorder
4
Q
What is prevalence?
A
Number or % of pop who have the disorder at a given time
5
Q
What is incidence?
A
How many cases appear each year
6
Q
What is the age of onset?
A
When disorders might start to appear in age
7
Q
What is prognosis?
A
Rate of disease and how the disorder will likely develop
8
Q
What is comorbidity?
A
presence of two or more disorders
9
Q
What is lifetime prevalence?
A
% of population who has ever had the disorder
10
Q
What are three categories of abnormal psych?
A
description and nature of abnormality, factors that cause or influence its occurrence, methods developed for treatment and their effectiveness
11
Q
What are the types of professionals that work in the field?
A
Clinical psychologist, counselor, psychiatrist, psychiatric social worker
12
Q
What credentials do you need to be a clinical psychologist?
A
You need a doctorate
13
Q
What credentials do you need to be a counselor?
A
14
Q
What credentials do you need to be a psychiatrist?
A
15
Q
What credentials do you need to be a psychiatric social worker?
A
16
Q
What is abnormal behavior?
A
Differing from the norm
17
Q
What is atypical behavior?
A
Behavior that differs from the norm
18
Q
What is maladaptive behavior?
A
behavior that interferes with a individuals daily life
19
Q
What are the main historical models for the causes and treatment of psychological disorders?
A
Supernatural, biological, physiological
20
Q
What are the possible causes of supernatural?
A
Action of gods, spirits or demons, movement of stars or planets, witchcraft
21
Q
What are possible treatments for supernatural?
A
Exorcisms, beatings, torture, trephination (holes in skull)
22
Q
What is the importance of germ theory
A
23
Q
What does the biological model focus on?
A
Genetics, neurotransmitters, brain changes, and other physical factors
24
Q
What does the humanistic model focus on?
A
personal growth, choice, responsibility
25
What does the psychodynamic model focus on?
Internal personality characteristics
26
What does the cognitive-behavioral model focus on?
specific thoughts and learning experiences
27
What does the sociocultural model focus on?
External environmental events and includes the family systems perspective
28
What is the focus and purpose of abnormal psych?
To study abnormal behaviors, and determine ways to help people with psychological disorders
29
What are the three categories for abnormal psych?
1.) Description and nature of abnormality
2.) Factors that cause or influence
3.) Methods for treatment and their effectiveness
30
What are the credentials needed for clinical/counseling psychologist?
2 year masters
31
What credentials is needed for a psychiatrist?
Medical school
32
What are the five general criteria for abnormal behavior?
1.) Statistical infrequency
2.) Deviance from the social norm
3.) Dysfunction (psych. disability)
4.) Distress (subjective distress)
5.) Dangerousness (to themselves or others)
33
What is the supernatural model?
Demons, actions of the gods, movements of stars/planets, witchcraft
34
What is the biological model?
Brain as seat of consciousness, (Brain pathology, head trauma, genetics )
35
What is the psychological model?
Behavior determined by unconscious psychological conflict
36
What is the psychodynamic/psychoanalytic model?
Psychopathology results in unconscious conflict
37
Historically, how were psychological causes treated?
Franz Anton Mesmer--Metal rods to remagnitize
Jean Charcot--hypnotism to get patients to speak
Josef Breuer--Hypnotism to get patients to reveal unconscious motives
Sigmund Freud--Conscious talk to reveal conflict
38
Historically how were biological causes treated?
Moral therapy, disease introduction (general paresis)
39
Discuss the importance of general paresis and the germ theory of disease to the classification and treatment
of psychological disorders
By analyzing the pasteurization of bacteria Pasteur was able to determine that germs and bacteria were responsible for a number of diseases
40
What was general paresis found to be a side effect of?
Prolonged exposure to Syphilis
41
what did they do with syphilis?
Patients were given the flu in order to raise the body temperature and kill the virus which led to a deeper understanding of disorders and how to treat them `
42
What is germ theory?
43
What is general paresis?
44
Where did asylums begin/
Monasteries in the Middle Ages because those with mental disorders were made to live as beggars and criminals
45
What was the cyclical nature of asylums?
improvement and deterioration
46
What happened to patients overtime as they became more crowded?
Patients were chained to walls and made to wallow in their own filth or put on display for money
47
what was the mental hygiene movement? `
sought to get equal psychological help for all and not just the rich
48
Who was the mental hygiene movement founded by?
Dorothea dix
49
What caused the mental hygiene movement from working on a larger scale?
Influx of immigrants
50
What is moral therapy?
Pushed for the humane treatment of inmates by unchaining them, encouraging social interaction, freedom, and small patient to staff ratio
51
Who created moral therapy?
Pinel and Jean Baptiste
52
How did the psychological model of human behavior develop?
Mesmer, Charcot, Breuer, Freud
53
How did psychological models of behavior develop?
54
What 4 themes led to the contemporary perspective of abnormal psych.?
1. Biological discoveries-Hippocrates, Descartes, Griesenger, Morel
2. Classification- Emil Kraeplin
3. Exp. Psych. in research- Wilhelm Vont
4. Emergence of psych. causation viewpoint
55
What are the current perspectives on the cause and treatment of psych. disorder?
1. Behavioral (Psychological)
2. Biological
3. Sociocultural
4. BioPsychoSocial
5. Cognitive
56
What is the behavioral perspective?
Behaviors acquired through specific learning processes
57
Why does abnormal behavior occur?
Failure to learn adaptive behaviors, learning is ineffective or maladaptive in response
58
What were environmental stimuli recognized as having an effect on?
Patterns of response
59
What is the biological perspective?
Illness due to :
genetic vulnerability
neurotransmitter or hormonal imbalance
brain dysfunction
60
What's the socio-cultural perspective?
The belief that people and their behaviors are shaped by the culture around them`
61
What is the cognitive perspective?
Behaviors are a product of faulty mental processes
62
What is behavioral genetics?
the study of the degree to which genes and the environment influence behavior.
63
What are the major hypothesized causes of psychological illness according to the biological perspective?
1) Genetic Vulnerability
2) Neurotransmitter or hormonal imbalance
3) brain dysfunction
64
What is gene-environment reaction?
when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways
65
What is a genotype?
genetic constitution of an individual organism
66
What is a phenotype?
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
67
What is the importance of shared vs. nonshared environments?
When two organisms w/ the same genetic makeup (e.g. twins) are able to be observed in both similar and dissimilar environments, we can directly observe behavioral patterns of development and determine which traits were genetically predisposed and which were created by the environment`
68
How do researchers estimate genetic contributions?
1) Pedigree studies
2) Linkage Studies
3) Twin studies & Adoption method
69
What are pedigree studies?
Used to analyze the pattern of inheritance of a particular trait
70
What are linkage studies?
traces patterns of disease in high risk families
71
What are monozygotic twins?
one sperm one egg
72
What are dyzigotic twins?
Two sperm two eggs `
73
What is the structure of a neuron?
dendrites, axon, cell body, or soma
74
What is the responsibility of norepinephrine?
Fight or flight response (anxiety)
75
What is the responsibility of serotonin?
Pleasure, helps to regulate mood, and is linked to depression
76
What is the responsibility of dopamine?
Controls reward motivated behavior as well as movements and sensation and is linked to things like Parkinson's
77
What is the responsibility of GABA?
Decreases the chance of neural firing and is linked to schizo
78
What does serotonin do?
Processing of information; regulation of mood, behavior, and thought processes
79
What is the function of norepinephrine?
Regulation of arousal, mood, behavior, and sleep
80
What is the function of dopamine/
Influences novelty-seeking, sociability, pleasure, motivation, coordination, and motor movement
81
What is the function of Gamma-aminobutyric acid?
Regulation of mood, especially anxiety, arousal, and behavior
82
What is the function of Acetylcholine?
Important in motor behavior, arousal, reward, attention, learning, and memory
83
What is the function of Glutamate?
Influences learning and memory
84
How do neurons communicate with each other?
neurotransmitters?
85
What happens to an unused neurotransmitter/
Reabsorbed and recycled in a process called reuptake
86
What is reuptake
A feedback mechanism that informs a neuron about the amount of neurotransmitter needed to be released in the future.
PREV
87
What are the parts of the HPA axis?
Hypothalamus, pituitary, Adrenal
88
What is the function of the HPA axis?
Complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three endocrine glands
89
What is the HPA crucial for?
Stress management in the body
90
What are the elements of Freuds psychoanalytic theories?
1.) Psychopathology results from unconscious conflict
2.) Behavior is determined by intrapsychic forces
3.) Behavior is affected by early childhood experiences and sexual urges
91
What is the depth hypothesis?
The belief that the psyche and behavior consists of both conscious and unconscious processes that determine cause and creation of mental disorders
92
What is the depth consciousness model?
1) Conscious
2) Preconscious- Ego and Superego
3) Unconscious- ID
93
What is the id?
basic instinctual drives of the unconscious that are driven by pleasure. (max pleasure focus)
94
What is the ego?
Mediates the demands of the superego and id
95
What is the superego ?
contains internalized values and corresponding to something like a "conscious" (moral compass).
96
What is the order of the psychosexual stages of development/
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genitalwha
97
What's the oral stage?
birth to 1.5yrs) obsession with putting things in mouth (e.g. breast feeding, thumb sucking)
98
What is the anal stage?
(1.5-3yrs) control complex (results from potty training. Too strict= OCD. Too loose= Laziness)
99
What is the phallic stage?
(3-5yrs) realization of genitals and gender differences. (this is when Oedipal and Elektra Complexes emerge)
100
What is the latency stage?
(6yrs- early teens) nothing significant
101
What is the genital stage/
Teens sex drive
102
What are defense mechanisms?
1) ways of trying to reduce stress and anxiety
2) Involve denial and distortion of memory
3) Operate at an unconscious level
4) Operate mechanically and voluntarily
103
What is repression?
Unconscious but intentional forgetting?
104
What is reaction formation ?
People believe and act as though motivated to do the exact opposite of the unacceptable impulse
105
What is projection?
Person disowns some impulses or attitudes and projects them onto another person ?
106
What is displacement?
Disturbing emotion or conflict is transferred from its original source onto some less threatening object or situation
107
What is transference?
Projections of thoughts/feelings from other relationships onto another person and that person becomes a stand in for the thing causing discomfort
108
What's dream analysis?
Focuses on finding emotional cues and symbols in peoples dreams (Freud and Jung)
109
What is free association?
the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection.
110
What did Alfred Alder contribute to Neo-Freudianism?
Individual psychology
111
What is individual psychology?
neurotic symptoms resulted as a response to conflict motivated by the need to dominate or triumph over others
112
What did Carl G. Jung contribute to Neo-Freudianism?
Analytic psychology and proponent of dream analysis
113
What is analytic psychology?
Emphasis on the unconscious as an energy source from which positive, creative acts arise
114
What else did Jung believe?
humanity shares certain racial memories that are represented symbolically of past/present cultures
115
What does abnormal behavior occur due to?
Failure to learn adaptive behaviors, learning ineffective, maladaptive responses
116
What ist he behavioral perspective?
Behavior acquired from specific learning processes
117
What does the behavioral perspective focus on?
Effect of environmental stimuli on patterns of response (Agent--Action--Environment--Observation--Rewards--Agent) `
118
What is classical conditioning?
occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
119
What is operant conditioning?
Behavior is controlled by consequences ((negative reinforcement)
120
What is the unconditioned response?
automatic response to a stimulus
121
What is observational learning?
Behaviors learned from environment and those around us
122
What is cognitive theory?
Abnormal behavior as a result of faulty mental processes?
123
What are cognitive therapies?
1) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Albert Ellis)
2) Acceptance and cognitive Therapy (Hayes)
124
What is the conditioned response?
learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
125
What is extinction?
gradual weakening of a conditioned response
126
What is spontaneous recovery?
reappearance of conditioned response after a period of time
127
What is shaping?
process of training a learned behavior that would not normally occur
128
What is systematic desensitization?
a treatment for phobias in which the patient is exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli and taught relaxation techniques.
129
What are token economies?
learner earns tokens by engaging in a targeted behavior
130
What is modeling?
client learns by imitation alone, copying a human model without any specific verbal direction
131
What are schemas?
cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information
132
What is information processing?
treats cognition as essentially computational in nature, with the mind being the software and the brain being the hardware.
133
What is the cognitive behavioral therapy of Beck?.
focuses on the distortions and thought processes that can lead to negative behaviors
Depression inventory
134
What is the cognitive behavioral theory of Ellis?
developed for confronting and changing irrational beliefs and behaviors
people disturb themselves by the rigid and extreme beliefs they hold about things
135
What is the humanistic perspective?
emphasizes looking at the the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual.
136
What are the basic tenants of the humanistic perspective?
human capacity for self-actualization, self-direction, and choice
137
What did Maslow do?
hierarchy of needs, which said that basic physical needs must be met first before people can realize their full potential.
138
What did Rogers do?
emphasizing a person-to-person relationship between the therapist and the client
139
What are some sociocultural factors?
influence that social institutions and other people have on mental health
140
What is the diathesis-stress model?
Genetic Predisposition+ Environmental Stressor= Depressive reaction
141
What is the importance of general classification systems?
1) Allow us to describe characteristics of individuals who suffer from a disorder
2) Helps clinicians predict behavior and outcomes
3) Helps clinicians decide on avenues of treatment (once diagnosis is linked to one)
4) Helps researchers communicate findings
142
Cons of the general classification system?
1) Once an individual is categorized their uniqueness can be lose
2) Can attribute characteristics that an individual does not posses (can lead to self fulfilling prophecy)
3) Labeling can lead to stigmatization
143
What is the DSM-5?
symptoms for each category is clearly listed and descriptions are given, social and cultural considerations, assumptions about suspected causes of disorders are NOT used
144
How is the DSM-5 arranged?
three sections, with 20 chapters that address specific disorders
145
How is the DSM-5 used?
provides clear, highly detailed definitions of mental health and brain-related conditions
146
What is reliability?
consistency; degree to which an instrument produces the same results each time it is used
147
What is variability?
degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
148
What are interviews?
a meeting between a pt and a psychologist
149
What is the interactive stress model?
If you have a predisposition you can be exposed to disorder
150
What is the additive stress model?
Enough stress can cause a disorder without predisposition
151
What is a clinical interview?
Interview in which pt comes in to discuss:
1) Psychosocial history
2) Current and past behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and attitudes
3) Medical problems, medications, and/or psychiatric history
4) Description of presenting problem and accompanying symptoms
5) Determine onset of problem and other events that coincided
152
What are the three types of interviews?
1) Structured
2) Unstructured
3) Semi-structured
153
What are stuctured interviews?
asking specific questions in a specific order
154
What are unstructured interviews?
Not a specific set of questions asked in a specific order
155
What is the mental status exam?
1.) Appearance and behavior
2.) Thought processes (inferences based on how they are presenting)
3.) mood and effect
4.) intellectual functioning
5.) sensorium -- do they know where they are
156
What are personality inventories?
MMPI-2-- several scales, individuals fill out a lot of questions to sub scales to locate any indication of problems
Has a scale to test validity
NED--measure of the big 5 emotions
157
What are the problems with personality inventories?
self-report and dishonesy
158
What is the purpose of projective tests?
ambiguous stimuli are presented and individual is asked to describe what they see
159
What is the underlying philosophy behind projective tests?
that people "project" their own internal disposition into their responses, whether into what they "see" in an inkblot or what they tell in a story
160
What is the Rorschach inkblot test?
161
What is the TAT test?
162
When would intelligence testing be used?
when attempting to determine the intellectual ability of a pt, or, for some other reason, an estimate of the pt's intellectual ability is questioned(Binet & Wechsler)
163
What is the function of the EEG?
Sleep, recording brain-wave patterns
164
What is the CT scan's function?
Image of your actual brain, structural brain problems, doesn't measure what is actually going on
165
What is the PET scans function?
Injection with radioactive isotope (dye), shows you the activity of your brain, shows structure and function
166
What is the function of the MRI?
No radioactive element needed, shows damage not process or why
167
What is the function of the fMRI?
No radioactive measures, measures glucose levels in the brain
168
Why is the fMRI used?
Asks you questions to see how your brain will react
169
What is involved in neuropsychological assessment?
Use of various testing devices to measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, or motor performance for clues of brain damage (extent and location:
170
what is the concept of reliability in a measuring instrument?
171
What are the types of reliability and what do they mean?
172
What is test-retest?
same test is given to the same people over the course of time to measure consitency
173
What is interrater?
extent to which different raters give consistent estimates of the same behavior
174
What is internal consistency?
how well the items on a test measure the same construct or idea
175
What is validity of a measuring instrument?
176
What are the types of validity and what do they mean?
177
What is content validity?
degree to which the measure reflects the entire domain of interest
178
What is criterion validity?
degree to which a measure is related to some other measure (criteria)
179
What is concurrent validity mean?
extent to which the result of a particular test or measurement, correspond to those of a previously established measurement for the same construct
180
what does predictive validity mean?
extent to which a score on a scale or tests predicts scores on some criterion measure
181
What are theories? What does it mean?
a set of statements that summarizes and explains mental and behavioral patterns within the context of society and culture
182
What are hypotheses? What does it mean?
precise, testable statement of what the researchers predict will be the outcome of the study.
183
What is the goal of description?
describe relationship between 2 variables
184
What is the goal of prediction?
what will happen in certain situations or relationships
185
What is the goal of explanation?
what principles explain behavior and how events are related
186
What is the goal of control?
must be testable and observable in a laboratory setting
187
What is a mental status exam?
observations made during and interview paired together w/ a person's responses to certain types of questions
188
What is the psychodynamic perspective?
emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind, early childhood experiences, and interpersonal relationships to explain human behavior
189
What is a case study?
an in depth analysis of a single individual or small number of individuals
190
What are the limits of a case study?
1)Can't generalize the results to the wider population.
2) Researchers' own subjective feeling may influence the case study (researcher bias).
3) Difficult to replicate.
4) Time consuming.
191
What is the purpose of epidemiological research?
To describe and predict disorders & how they can spread
192
Incidence
number of new cases
193
Prevalence
number of people w/ disorder
194
Risk Factor
condition or variable related to disorder
195
What is correlational research?
research done to examine the relationship between 2 or more variables across a number of people
196
Correlational Coefficient
(r) used to determine the strength of a relationship between two variables (scored between -1 & 1)
197
What is the causality problem?
correlation does not show causation
Types include: 3rd Variable & Directionality
198
3rd Variable problem
3rd variable leads to mistaken causation
199
Directionality Problem
2 variables have cause and effect are unknown
200
What are the 3 requirements for an experiment?
1) Manipulation of IV
2) Accurate measurement of DV
3) Control over Extraneous variables`
201
Random Assignment
participants are randomly assigned to different groups with an equal chance of being assigned to any group
202
Control Group
a group in an experiment that do not receive treatment from researchers & is used as a benchmark to measure how other test subjects do
