Review Questions

Question 1

what auto immune disease produces antibodies against the acetylcholine receptors?

Answer 1

Myasthenia gravis

degrees of weakness increases with activity and improves with rest

motor dysfunction without sensation, cognitive, or autonomic symptoms

Question 2

what disease is an immune related response in which the antibodies induce demyelination and oligodendrocyte apoptosis?

Answer 2

multiple sclerosis

Neurologic symptoms

Question 3

decerebrate rigidity

Answer 3

occurs with transections of the brainstem between the midbrain and the pons

may be present persistently or elicited by stimuli

Question 4

plantarflexion, extension of arms, extension of neck, wrist flexion - rigidity

Answer 4

decerebrate rigidity

Question 5

decorticate rigidity

Answer 5

occurs with transections superior midbrain, or severe bilateral lesions of the cerebral cortex

Higher up damage

Question 6

neck extended, plantar flexion, elbows flexed, wrists flexed, internally rotated upper extremity- rigidity

Answer 6

decorticate rigidity

Question 7

medial motor tracks

Answer 7

postural proximal muscle control

reticulospinal
Medial vestibulospinal
Lateral vestibulospinal
Medial corticospinal

Question 8

lateral motor tracts

Answer 8

Fractionated movement
Distal muscle control

Rubrospinal
Lateral corticospinal

Question 9

reticulospinal

Answer 9

postural and gross limb movement
APAs, reaching, neck reflexive movement

Question 10

medial vestibulospinal

Answer 10

postural, neck and upper back

Question 11

medial corticospinal

Answer 11

Neck, shoulder, trunk muscles

Question 12

lateral vestibulospinal

Answer 12

postural, extensors

Question 13

rubrospinal

Answer 13

Distal upper extremity extensors

Question 14

lateral corticospinal

Answer 14

Fractionation

Question 15

upper motor neuron signs and symptoms

Answer 15

paresis
Hyperreflexia
Hypertonia
Positive Babinski

spasticity, exaggerated reflexes

Question 16

lower motor neuron signs and symptoms

Answer 16

Paresis with atrophy
Hyporeflexia
Hypotonia
Absence of Babinski

weakness , muscle atrophy

cell bodies are located in ventral horn of spinal cord

Question 17

Parkinson’s disease true

Answer 17

Gradual progression
Good response to L dopa
Gait Instability starts later
asymmetrical onset
Resting tremor

Question 18

Diseases like Parkinson’s, parkinsonism

Answer 18

rapid progression
Poor response to L dopa
Early symptoms of falling, dementia, hallucinations
Often have a symmetrical onset
MSA autonomic nervous system, blood pressure, respiration, bladder functions

Question 19

Utricle

Answer 19

Oriented horizontally
Detect head movement in horizontal plane
walking falling forward

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 20

saccule

Answer 20

oriented vertically
Detect vertical displacement of the body
riding in an elevator, jumping up and down

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

Question 21

semi circular canals

Answer 21

detect the movement of the head on the body
Angular acceleration

Head bobbing spinning in a circle

Medial vestibulo spinal tract

Question 22

Asia scale-A

Answer 22

complete
no sensory or motor function at S4/5

Question 23

asia scale b

Answer 23

sensory incomplete

sensory but no motor function at S4/5

Question 24

Asia scale C

Answer 24

Motor incomplete

More than half of muscles below the neurological level of injury have a grade less than three

Question 25

Asia scale D

Answer 25

Motor incomplete Half or more of key muscles below the neurological level of injury have a grade greater than or equal to three

Question 26

Asia scale E

Answer 26

Normal

Question 27

More Gray matter in which area

Answer 27

sacral white matter- cervical

Question 28

where is more gray matter?

Answer 28

Sacral Cervical has more white matter

Question 29

weber test

Answer 29

poorer ear- tone referred to this ear indicates conductive hearing loss better ear- tone referred to this ear indicates perceptive impairment

Question 30

rinne test

Answer 30

normal- air conduction is twice as long as bone conduction Conductive loss - bone conduction longer or equal to air conduction Receptive- air conduction longer than bone conductions both variably shortened

Question 31

upper motor neuron lesion on the right

Answer 31

Patient can wrinkle forehead on both sides, but lacks the ability to keep the left eye closed lower face affected, but the upper will be preserved

Question 32

lesion on left facial nerve

Answer 32

Both upper and lower face will be affected on that side

Question 33

place a vibrating tuning fork on the vertex of a persons cranium the sound is louder on the right side

Answer 33

Conductive hearing loss on the right

Question 34

Brainstem rule of four

Answer 34

two cranial nerves in midbrain- 3 and four Four cranial nerves and pons- 5678 Four cranial nerves in medulla- 891012

Question 35

four tracks to the side that begin with the letter S

Answer 35

Spinothalamic Sympathetic tract Spinocerebellar Spinal trigeminal tract

Question 36

four motor mediately located nuclei in the brainstem

Answer 36

3 4 6 12

Question 37

Four structures near the midline that begin with the letter M

Answer 37

Motor nuclei that move eyes and tongue-34 612 Motor tract corticospinal Medial longitudinal fasciculus DCML medial lemniscus

Question 38

four ds of brain stem dysfunction

Answer 38

dysphasia dysarthria diplopia dysmetria

Question 39

horners syndrome

Answer 39

decreased sweating anhidyrosis drooping eye ptosis miosis decreased pupil size

Question 40

pica brainstem strokes

Answer 40

ataxia l horners l facial numbness hoarse voice decreased pin prick right side