Vision

Question 1

fovea

Answer 1

Central fixation point for each eye

Area of retina with highest visual acuity

Surrounded by the macula
Projects to the occipital lobe

Question 2

cones

Answer 2

color
higher resolution

Question 3

outermost layer

Answer 3

photoreceptors

Question 4

ganglion cells

Answer 4

parasol cells- larger diameter/ gross features and movement
midget cells- small diameter/ details

Question 5

nasal fibers sees

Answer 5

lateral visual field

Question 6

optic tract damaged

Answer 6

contralateral visual field is damaged

contralateral homonymous hemianopia

Question 7

LGN damage

Answer 7

damage contralateral visual field

Question 8

extrageniculate visual pathways

Answer 8

Minority of fibers in the optic tract bypass the LGN to enter the superior colliculus and pretectal areas to form this

Question 9

pretectal and superior colliculus

Answer 9

directing visual attention and eye movements toward visual stimuli

Question 10

axons leaving the LGN project to

Answer 10

the primary visual cortex PVC

Question 11

fibers of inferior radiations arc forward into

Answer 11

temporal lobe forming meyers loop

Question 12

fibers of superior optic radiations pass

Answer 12

Under the parietal lobe

Question 13

Primary visual cortex

Answer 13

lies on the upper and lower banks of the calcarine fissure in the occipital lobe

Question 14

calcarine fissure

Answer 14

cuneus wedge- upper bank gyrus

lingula “little tongue”- lower bank gyrus

Question 15

superior optic radiations project

Answer 15

To the upper bank of the calcarine fissure

Question 16

inferior optic radiations project

Answer 16

To the lower bank of the calcarine fissure

Question 17

The primary visual cortex is organized

Answer 17

retinotopically

Question 18

retina and macula are represented at the

Answer 18

occipital pole

Question 19

peripheral regions of retinas are represented

Answer 19

anteriorly along calcarine fissure

Question 20

dorsal pathways project to

Answer 20

Parieto occipital association cortex

Motion spatial relations

Question 21

Ventral pathways project to

Answer 21

Occipito temporal association cortex

form, color, and letters

Question 22

two major steps needed to assess visual disturbances

Answer 22

Nature of the visual disturbance

Visual field

Question 23

nature of the visual disturbance

Answer 23

Time course and any positive phenomena or negative phenomena

Question 24

Visual field

Answer 24

Description of the regions for each eye involved

Question 25

Positive formed phenomena

Answer 25

formed visual hallucinations arise from the inferior temporooccipital visual association cortex

Question 26

macular sparing

Answer 26

partial lesions of visual pathway Usually a result of cortical lesions

Question 27

Retinal blood supply

Answer 27

Ophthalmic artery

Question 28

What supplies, the inner retinal layers

Answer 28

Central retinal artery A branch of the opthalamic artery

Question 29

two main branches of the retinal artery

Answer 29

Superior and inferior

Question 30

an occlusion of what branch would cause a loss in the right inferior VF

Answer 30

Superior branch of the right central artery

Question 31

amaurosis fugax

Answer 31

transient occlusion of the superior or inferior branch of the retinal artery Browning out Lasts 10 minutes It’s a warning sign Common cause is ipsilateral ICA stenosis

Question 32

Optic nerves, optic chasm and optic tracks received blood supply from

Answer 32

Numerous small branches of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery

Question 33

infarcts in the LGN would cause what type of deficit

Answer 33

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

Question 34

optic radiation passing through the parietal lobe receive blood from

Answer 34

Superior divisions of the MCA

Question 35

inferior optic radiation passing through the temporal lobe receive blood from

Answer 35

Inferior divisions of the MCA

Question 36

Primary visual cortex supplied

Answer 36

By the PCA

Question 37

if there is a right posterior cerebral artery infarct

Answer 37

Visual loss in the left VF homonymous hemianopsia The right PCA supplies the right visual cortex which gets information from the left visual field

Question 38

Pupillary light reflex

Answer 38

optic nerve, optic tract, pretectal area, pretectal neurons, bilateral edinger westphal nuclei, ciliary ganglion, constrictor muscles Direct response and consensual response

Question 39

Gaze stabilizers

Answer 39

optoKinetic nystagmus (OKN) vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)

Question 40

direction of gaze

Answer 40

saccades smooth pursuit vergence

Question 41

OKN

Answer 41

optokinetic nystagmus optokinetic system- eyes follow large objects in visual field

Question 42

OKN path

Answer 42

retina optic nerve chiasm tract pretectal area medial vestibular nucleus ocular motor nuclei extraocular muscles

Question 43

VOR

Answer 43

stabilizes the eyes on a visual image during head and body movements Vestibular receptors in the semi circular canals

Question 44

saccades

Answer 44

rapid eye movements directed at targets in the visual field

Question 45

smooth pursuit

Answer 45

Slower movements, following objects in visual field

Question 46

vergence

Answer 46

Movements to maintain visual fixation of objects, moving toward or away from the viewer

Question 47

convergence is produced by

Answer 47

Medial recti muscles

Question 48

divergence is produced by

Answer 48

Lateral recti muscles