Reviewer #2

Question 1

a chronic symptom of mucosal damage caused by
stomach acid reflux into the lower esophagus.

Answer 1

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)

Question 2

the backward flow of gastric contents into
the esophagus, when this occurs, the person
experiences heartburn

Answer 2

Reflux

Question 3

is the most common clinical
manifestation causing burning, and retrosternal pain
that may radiate to the jaw or other chest areas.

Answer 3

Heartburn (pyrosis)

Question 4

causes gastric acid to enter
the throat leaving a metallic, bitter taste in the
mouth.

Answer 4

Regurgitation or reflux

Question 5

discomfort-centered pain in the
upper abdomen (mainly in or around the midline as
opposed to the right or left hypochondrium)

Answer 5

Dyspepsia

Question 6

Hypersalivation

Answer 6

(water brash

Question 7

(sense of a lump in the
throat)

Answer 7

globus sensation

Question 8

an inflammation of the esophagus is a
common complication of GERD.

Answer 8

Esophagitis

Question 9

an esophageal metaplasia
where the epithelial cells in the distal esophagus change in columnar epithelial cells.

Answer 9

Barett’s Esophagitis

Question 10

a condition of excessive acid in the
stomach that can cause heartburn, throat burn, sour
taste, and other problems.

Answer 10

Hyperacidity

Question 11

to evaluate the esophagus,
stomach, and upper small intestine.

Answer 11

Barium swallow

Question 12

to permit direct visualization of
the esophagus

Answer 12

Upper endoscopy

Question 13

measures pressures of the
esophageal sphincters and esophageal peristalsis.

Answer 13

Esophageal manometry

Question 14

are common and effective
treatments for symptomatic GERD

Answer 14

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine (H²)-
receptor blockers

Question 15

an antiulcer drug, is used in
some patients with GERD for its cytoprotective
properties.

Answer 15

Sucralfate (Carafate)

Question 16

increase LES pressure, improve
esophageal emptying in the supine position, and
increase gastric emptying.

Answer 16

Cholinergic drugs

Question 17

a procedure in which
the gastric fundus is wrapped around the distal
esophagus, is the treatment of choice for GERD

Answer 17

Laparoscopic fundoplication

Question 18

is a herniation of a portion of the stomach into the
esophagus through an opening, or hiatus, in the
diaphragm. It is also referred to as diaphragmatic
hernia and esophageal hernia.

Answer 18

HIATAL HERNIA

Question 19

Hiatal hernias are classified into the following two
types:

Answer 19

strangulation of the hernia, and regurgitation with
tracheal aspiration.

Question 20

The junction of the stomach and the
esophagus is above the diaphragm, and a part of
the stomach slides through the hiatal opening in
the diaphragm.

Answer 20

Sliding

Question 21

The esophagogastric
junction remains in the normal position, but the
fundus and the greater curvature of the stomach
roll up through the diaphragm, forming a pocket
alongside the esophagus.

Answer 21

Paraesophageal or Rolling

Question 22

is an inflammation of the stomach lining, resulting
from irritation of the gastric mucosa

Answer 22

GASTRITIS

Question 23

is a benign, most common form, of
self-limiting disorder associated with the ingestion of
gastric irritants such as aspirin, NSAIDs, alcohol,
caffeine, or foods contaminated with certain
bacteria.

Answer 23

Acute Gastritis,

Question 24

is a separate group of disorders
characterized by progressive and irreversible
changes in the gastric mucosa

Answer 24

Chronic Gastritis

Question 25

an inherited condition in which there is an immune response directed against parietal cells

Answer 25

Autoimmune Atrophic Gastritis

Question 26

associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer.

Answer 26

Atrophic gastritis

Question 27

characterized by disruption of the mucosal barrier by a local irritant, that allows hydrochloric acid and pepsin to meet the gastric tissue, resulting in irritation, inflammation, and superficial erosions.

Answer 27

Acute Gastritis

Question 28

A severe form of acute gastritis, erosive or stressinduced gastritis occurs as a complication of other life-threatening conditions such as shock, severe trauma, major surgery, sepsis, burns, or head injury. 

Answer 28

Erosive Gastritis

Question 29

When these erosions follow a major burn, they are called

Answer 29

Curling's ulcers.

Question 30

When stress ulcers occur following a head injury or CNS surgery, they are referred to as

Answer 30

Cushing's ulcers

Question 31

is the less common form of chronic gastritis. the body produces antibodies to parietal cells and intrinsic factors. These antibodies destroy gastric mucosal cells, resulting in tissue atrophy and the loss of hydrochloric acid and pepsin secretion. Because intrinsic factor is required for the absorption of vitamin B12, this immune response also results in pernicious anemia.

Answer 31

Type A chronic gastritis

Question 32

the more common form of chronic gastritis is caused by chronic infection of the gastric mucosa by H. pylori, a gram-negative spiral bacterium. H. pylori infection causes inflammation of the gastric mucosa, with infiltration by neutrophils and lymphocytes. The outermost layer of gastric mucosa thins and atrophies, providing, a less effective barrier against the auto-digestive properties of hydrochloric acid and pepsin

Answer 32

Type B chronic gastritis

Question 33

an excavation (hollowed-out area) that forms in the mucosal wall of the stomach, in the pylorus (the opening between the stomach and duodenum), in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine), or in the esophagus.

Answer 33

peptic ulcer

Question 34

consists of severe peptic ulcers, extreme gastric hyperacidity, and gastrin secreting benign or malignant tumors of the pancreas

Answer 34

The Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES)

Question 35

associated with superficial erosion and minimal inflammation. It is of short duration and resolves quickly when the cause is identified and removed.

Answer 35

Acute Ulcer

Question 36

one of long duration, eroding through the muscular wall with the formation of fibrous tissue. It is present continuously for many months or intermittently throughout the person's lifetime.

Answer 36

Chronic Ulcer

Question 37

Although gastric ulcers can occur in any portion of the stomach, they are most found in the antrum.

Answer 37

Gastric Ulcers

Question 38

develops in the lining of the upper part of the small intestine

Answer 38

Duodenal Ulcers

Question 39

Partial Gastrectomy with removal of the distal two thirds of the stomach and anastomosis of the gastric stump to the duodenum is called

Answer 39

GASTRODUODENOSTOMY or Billroth I operation.

Question 40

Partial Gastrectomy with removal of the distal two thirds of the stomach and anastomosis of the gastric stump to the jejunum is called a

Answer 40

GASTROJEJUNOSTOMY or Billroth II operation.

Question 41

an adenocarcinoma of the stomach wall.

Answer 41

Stomach (Gastric) Cancer

Question 42

3 complications of PUD

Answer 42

1. Hemorrhage 2. Perforation 3. Gastric Outlet Obstruction