Reviewer #3 Flashcards by Peabo Tiratira

a group of more than 200 diseases
characterized by uncontrolled and unregulated
growth of cells.

Cancer

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Two (2) major dysfunctions in the process of cancer
development are

defective cell proliferation (growth)
and defective cell differentiation

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are normal cell genes that are
important regulators of normal cell processes

Protooncogenes

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Protooncogenes promote

cell growth.

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Mutations that alter the expression of
protooncogenes can activate them to function as

oncogenes (tumor-inducing genes)

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Tumor suppressor genes function to regulate

(suppress) cell growth

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It involves a mutation in the cell’s genetic
structure.

Initiation

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is characterized by the reversible
proliferation of the altered cells

Promotion

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is characterized by increased growth
rate of the tumor, increased invasiveness, and
metastasis

Progression

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(spread of the cancer to a distant site

metastasis

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Substances considered/ suspected to be causing cancers

Carcinogens

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Chemicals were identified as cancer-causing agents
in the latter part of the eighteenth century when
Percival Pott noted that

chimney sweeps had a
higher incidence of cancer of the scrotum

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a multistep process beginning with the rapid
growth of the primary tumor.

Metastasis

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As the tumor increases in size, development of its
own blood supply is critical to its survival and growth.
The process of the formation of blood vessels within
the tumor itself is termed tumor angiogenesis and is
facilitated by

tumor angiogenesis

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involves several steps
beginning with primary tumor cells penetrating
blood vessels.

Hematogenous metastasis

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In the lymphatic system, tumor cells may be
“trapped” in the first lymph node confronted or they
may bypass regional lymph nodes and travel to more
distant lymph nodes, a phenomenon termed

skip
metastasis.

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The immune system has the potential to distinguish
cells that are

normal (self) from abnormal (nonself)
cells.

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Cancer cells may display altered cell-surface antigens
as a result of malignant transformation. These
antigens are

tumor-associated antigens
(TAAS).

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The immune system’s response to antigens of the
malignant cells 15 termed

immunologic
surveillance.

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are able to directly lyse
tumor cells spontaneously without any prior
sensitization

Natural killer (NK) cells

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The process by which cancer cells evade the immune
system is termed

immunologic escape.

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are a type of tumor antigen.
They are found on both the surfaces and the inside
of cancer cells and fetal cells. These antigens are an
expression of the shift of cancerous cells to a more
immature metabolic pathway, an expression usually
associated with embryonic or fetal periods of life

Oncofetal Antigens

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These oncofetal antigens can be used as ____ that may be clinically useful to monitor the
effect of therapy and indicate tumor recurrence.
 Tumor markers are affected by various factors that
need to be accounted for when reviewing these
results.

tumor
markers

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Tumors can be classified as

benign or malignant

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, benign neoplasms are

well differentiated

malignant neoplasms

range from well differentiated to undifferentiated.

is identified by the tissue of origin, the anatomic site, and the behavior of the tumor.

Tumor

originate from embryonal ectoderm (skin and glands) and endoderm (mucous membrane linings of the respiratory tract, GI tract, and genitourinary [GU] tract

Carcinomas

embryonal originate from mesoderm (connective tissue, muscle, bone, and fat).

Sarcomas

leukemias originate from hematopoietic system.

Lymphomas

Cells differ slightly from normal cells (mild dysplasia) and are well differentiated (low grade).

Grade I

Cell are more abnormal (moderate dysplasia) and moderately differentiated (intermediate grade).

Grade II

Cells are very abnormal (severe dysplasia) and poorly differentiated (high grade).

Grade III

Cells are immature and primitive (anaplasia) and undifferentiated; cell of origin is difficult to determine (high grade).

Grade IV

Grade cannot be assessed.

Grade X

Classifying the extent and spread of disease is termed

staging

Stage 0

Cancer in situ (in place)

Stage I

Tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localized tumor growth

Limited local spread

Stage II

Extensive local and regional spread

Stage III

Metastasis

Stage IV

It is used to determine the anatomic extent of the disease involvement according to three parameters: tumor size and invasiveness (T), presence or absence of regional spread to the lymph nodes (N), and metastasis to distant organ sites (M).

TNM Classification System

refers to a neoplasm whose cells are localized and show no tendency to invade or metastasize to other tissues.

Carcinoma in situ (CIS)

refers to the extent of the disease as determined by surgical excision, exploration, and/or lymph node sampling.

Surgical staging

It is the removal of a tissue sample analysis. for pathologic

Biopsy

Is commonly performed for tissue that can be safely reached through the skin.

Percutaneous Biopsy

May be used for lung or other intraluminal (esophageal, bladder). lesions colon

Endoscopic Biopsy

Involves the surgical removal of the entire lesion, lymph node, nodule, or mass.

Excisional Biopsy

May be performed with a scalpel or dermal punch. The Pathologies examines the tissue to determine whether it is benign or malignant, the anatomic tissue from which the tumor arises (histology), and the degree of cell differentiation (histologic grade).

Incisional Biopsy

The goals of cancer treatment are

cure, control, and palliation.

Surgical intervention can be used to eliminate or reduce the risk of cancer development. Prophylactic removal of nonvital organs has been successful in reducing the incidence of some malignancies

Prevention

The objective is to remove all or as much resectable tumor as possible while sparing normal tissue.

Cure or Control

Debulking of tumor to

relieve pain or pressure

For the relief of a bowel obstruction

Colostomy

for the relief of a spinal cord compression

Laminectomy

the use of chemicals as a systemic therapy for cancer

Chemotherapy

delivers the drug to the tumor via the arteries supplying the tumor.

Intraarterial chemotherapy

involves the delivery of chemotherapy to the peritoneal cavity for treatment of peritoneal metastases from primary colorectal and ovarian cancers and malignant ascites

Intraperitoneal chemotherapy

involves a lumbar puncture and injection of chemotherapy into the subarachnoid space

intrathecal chemotherapy

involves instillation of chemotherapy into the bladder

Intravesical chemotherapy bladder

includes anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions, extravasation or a flare reaction, anticipatory nausea and vomiting, and cardiac dysrhythmias.

Acute toxicity

involve damage to organs such as the heart, liver, kidneys, and lungs.

Chronic toxicities

energy that is emitted from a source and travels through space or some material.

Radiation

the most common form of radiation treatment delivery. With this technique, the patient is exposed to radiation from a megavoltage treatment machine. A linear accelerator, which generates ionizing radiation from electricity and can have multiple energies, is the most commonly used machine for delivering external beam radiation

EXTERNAL RADIATION: Teletherapy

Radiation can also be delivered as Brachytherapy, which means "close" or internal radiation treatment. It consists of the implantation or insertion of radioactive materials directly into the tumor (interstitial) or in close proximity to the tumor (intracavitary or intraluminal). This allows for direct delivery of radiation to the target with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissues.

INTERNAL RADIATION:

Reviewer #3 Flashcards

(65 cards)