revise

Question 1

what 4 metabolic pathways are associated with carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 1

glycolysis
glycogenolysis
glycogenesis
gluconeogenesis

Question 2

what are the 5 main functions of proteins in the body?

Answer 2

forming new muscle cells. forming synthetic pathways. forming plasma proteins, immune cells and haemoglobin. forming new enzymes. forming DNA.

Question 3

whata re four non-carbohydrate substrates that cna be converted to glucose to produce ATP?

Answer 3

alanine, lactate, glutamine and glycerol.

Question 4

what are the two major pathways for protein degradation?

Answer 4

lysomal and ubiquitin.

Question 5

after what type of exercise are the protein degradation pathways likely to be active?

Answer 5

exercise that causes muscle damage.

Question 6

4 metabolic pathways that can supply ATP is glucose is not provided from food or fluids?

Answer 6

lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway and glycogenolysis.

Question 7

What is the major metabolic pathway responsible for producing ATP during 1) a vertical jump, 2) a 400 m running race, and 3) a stage race in the Tour de France?

Answer 7

1. ATP stores and PCR
2. glycolysis
3. oxidative phosphorylation

Question 8

put in order from most to least in terms of ATP produced: Electron transport chain, pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

Answer 8

Most - electron transport chain
2nd - TCA cycle
least - pentose phosphate pathway

Question 9

4 ways metabolic apthways are controlled?

Answer 9

hormonal control.
allosteric activation.
substrate supply.
by the nervous system.

Question 10

what are endocrine hormones?

Answer 10

hormones produced in one tissue and travel through circulation to reach a target cell which has a receptor for that hormone - endo, can travel to the end.

Question 11

what are paracrine hormones?

Answer 11

hormones produced in one cell and travel only a short distance to reach a neighbouring target cell which has a receptor for that hormone - para, don’t travel far.

Question 12

what are autocrine hormones?

Answer 12

produced in a cell which is also the target cell for that hormone - automatically there.

Question 13

three hormones with autocrine function?

Answer 13

insulin, leptin and insluin-growth factor 1.

Question 14

why can’t we sprint a marathon?

Answer 14

Energy demand (rate of energy generated per time unit) is very high during sprinting
rate of energy supply to meet demand has to come from PCr, which has limited storage, and glycolysis, which in absence of oxygen is converted to lactate and produces H+ in the reaction. A drop in pH is a cause of fatigue. So, instead of going as fast as possible and bruning through all the energy the body uses aerobic systems which supply mroe energy but take longer therefore have to run slower.

Question 15

3 protein structures involved in muscle contraction?

Answer 15

myosin, actin and troponin.

Question 16

what defines metabolism?

Answer 16

the sum of all reactions int he body.

Question 17

what are the four most common elements in living things?

Answer 17

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen.

Question 18

what do all anabolic reaction end with?

Answer 18

-genesis

Question 19

what do all catabolic reaction end with?

Answer 19

-olysis

Question 20

how do enzymes speed up metabolic reactions?

Answer 20

lower the activation energy.

Question 21

positively charged ions are known as?

Answer 21

cations.

Question 22

negatively charged ions are known as?

Answer 22

anions

Question 23

what does OILRIG stand for?

Answer 23

Oxidation Is Losing electrons, Reduction Is Gaining electrons.

Question 24

what are the two main pathways that regulate glycolysis? which is the activator and which is the inhibitor?

Answer 24

insulin (activator) and glucagon (inhibitor)

Question 25

what is the bond that breaks the alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond and forma a alpha-1,6 glycosidic bond when making glycogen branches?

Answer 25

amylo-(1,4 1,6)-transglycosylase

Question 26

how many irreversible reactions are there during glycolysis?

Answer 26

three

Question 27

what activates pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)?

Answer 27

pyruvate phosphate

Question 28

is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A reversible?

Answer 28

no, it cannot be reversed.

Question 29

how many NADH molecuels are produced during the TCA cycle?

Answer 29

3

Question 30

where is the electron transport chain lcoated?

Answer 30

inner membrane of the mitochondria.

Question 31

To build up a proton gradient, H+ atoms have to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane. But from what area have these H+ atoms to cross the membrane?

Answer 31

mitochondrial matrix.

Question 32

what does gluconeogenesis refer to?

Answer 32

the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

Question 33

where does gluconeogenesis occur?

Answer 33

liver

Question 34

what substrate is used to generate energy vis gluconeogenesis?

Answer 34

glycerol.

Question 35

name a catabolic reaction involving carbohydrate?

Answer 35

gycogenolysis

Question 36

what is a covalent bond?

Answer 36

when electrons are shared between atoms, a covalent bond is formed.

Question 37

during prolonged aerobic exercise, such as a marathon, Malonyl CoA will....

Answer 37

be inhibited.

Question 38

what is a chain of amino acids linked together called?

Answer 38

a peptide.

Question 39

transamination involves transferring an XXX to a XXX to form a new amino acid.

Answer 39

alpha-amino group keto acid

Question 40

aminotransferase enzymes are only present where?

Answer 40

in the cytosol.

Question 41

after resistance exercise, mRNA is increased or decreased?

Answer 41

increased.

Question 42

what is the most common 'start' codon?

Answer 42

AUG

Question 43

carbohydrate oxidation is highest when: 40% of VO2max 60%of VO2max 85% of VO2max

Answer 43

85%

Question 44

ketone bodies can be used as an alternative fuel source when glucose levels are low, name two ketone bodies.

Answer 44

3-hydroxybutyrate acetoacetate

Question 45

why is the ATP yield from a lipid molecule much greater than from a carbohydrate molecule?

Answer 45

it has more carbons

Question 46

at the start of beta-oxidation, acyl CoA and carnitine react together to form which molecule?

Answer 46

acylcartinine

Question 47

the enzyme that transports acylcartinine into the mitochondrial matrix is called what?

Answer 47

acylcartinine translocase

Question 48

how many carbon atoms does a molecule of fructose contain?

Answer 48

6

Question 49

when describing the chemical structure of an amino acid, which chemical component differentiates these 20 amino acids?

Answer 49

R-group

Question 50

what is the name of the chemical reaction when fatty acid binds to the glycerol molecule?

Answer 50

esterification

Question 51

what additional molecule is formed during esterification?

Answer 51

H2O

Question 52

the digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth is facilitates by the enzyme XXX. upon arrival in the stomach, this enzyme is XXX due to a drop in XXX.

Answer 52

amylase inactivated pH

Question 53

which transporter sits at the contraluminal side of the epithelial cells int he small intestines to assist in the absorption of carbohydrates?

Answer 53

GLUT2

Question 54

what is the name if the inactive form of pepsin and what causes its activation?

Answer 54

pepsinogen release of gastric acid

Question 55

how are proteins broken down in the stomach?

Answer 55

proteins are broken down into smaller peptides int he stomach by the enzyme pepsin.

Question 56

where does the digestion of lipids/fat start and what is the name of the enzyme?

Answer 56

mouth lipase

Question 57

what does an individual's BMI have to be to qualify for bariatric surgery?

Answer 57

>35

Question 58

is a gastric band surgery reversible?

Answer 58

yes, the band can be removed.

Question 59

what is the bariatric surgery in which a large part of the stomach is bypassed by attaching the top of the stomach to the small intestine?

Answer 59

Roux-en-Y

Question 60

bypass surgery can lead to malnutrition due to incomplete digestion and absorption. which nutrient is least likely to have risks of malnutrition?

Answer 60

carbohydrates.

Question 61

insulin is secreted in which specific cells?

Answer 61

beta-cells in the pancreas

Question 62

Insulin stimulates the activity of what enzyme at the site of adipose tissue to 1. take up triglycerides derived from food into the tissue and 2. inhibit the release of free fatty acids into the blood.

Answer 62

1. lipoprotein lipase 2. hormone sensitive lipase

Question 63

what does the post-absorptive state refer to?

Answer 63

a situation in which the last meal has recently been absorbed, typically after an overnight fast just before breakfast.

Question 64

how much is the energy potential stored in the liver glycogen?

Answer 64

~400 kcal

Question 65

what is the normal blood glucose range?

Answer 65

4.0-5.4 mmol/L when fasting, up to 7.8 mmol/L two hours after eating.

Question 66

name three lipoproteins?

Answer 66

chylomicrons VLDL circulating free-fatty acids HLDL

Question 67

Glucagon triggers a(n) [1] in blood glucose concentrations. The [2] is the responsible organ for this effect. The condition in which this metabolic response occurs is in the [3]

Answer 67

1. increase 2. liver 3. postabsoprtive state

Question 68

is osmosis passive, active or facilitated transport?

Answer 68

passive.

Question 69

what glucose transporter is insulin-dependent?

Answer 69

GLUT4

Question 70

what three tissues is GLUT2 found in?

Answer 70

pancreas, liver and small intestines

Question 71

what type of transport is used to transport amino acids into skeletal muscle?

Answer 71

active

Question 72

the scientific name for a liver cell is....

Answer 72

hepatocyte

Question 73

What is the name of the enzyme that unpacks free fatty acids?

Answer 73

lipoprotein lipase

Question 74

in comparison to healthy individuals, people with type 2 diabetes have.....

Answer 74

less GLUT4 and less translocation upon insulin activation