Revision for Botany Exam Flashcards
(204 cards)
1
Q
What are two features that separate the plant kingdom from the animal kingdom?
A
Plants can produce their own food through photosynthesis and have cell walls made of cellulose to provide support
Limited mobility in plants compared to animals.
2
Q
What is an example of plants in the division Thallophyta that live in water?
A
Algae, fungi, lichens.
3
Q
What are two examples of the simplest land plants in the division Bryophyta?
A
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts.
4
Q
What are the two parts of the vascular system in Tracheophyta plants and their functions?
A
Xylem - transports water and nutrients from roots; Phloem - transports sugars and other nutrients throughout plant.
5
Q
What are two advantages provided by a vascular system to division Tracheophyta?
A
Efficient transport of water and nutrients; increased size and structural support.
6
Q
What are the three classes of plants within the division Tracheophyta and do they reproduce by spore or seed?
A
- Angiospermae - seed; 2. Gymnospermae - seed; 3. Filicinae/Pteridophyta - spore.
7
Q
Why do we say that Gymnosperms have naked seeds?
A
Not enclosed in fruit.
8
Q
What are the names for the two subclasses of Angiospermae?
A
Monocotyledons, Dicotyledons.
9
Q
What process requires sunlight?
A
Photosynthesis - light energy to convert CO2 into glucose.
10
Q
What process involves loss of water vapor?
A
Transpiration - water escapes leaves via stomata.
11
Q
What process releases energy from sugars?
A
Respiration - breaks down energy from sugars.
12
Q
What process produces sugars?
A
Photosynthesis - creates sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
13
Q
What process occurs via stomata found on leaves?
A
Transpiration.
14
Q
What process occurs in cells containing chlorophyll?
A
Photosynthesis - chlorophyll essential for capturing light energy.
15
Q
What process produces oxygen?
A
Photosynthesis - O2 is a byproduct of photosynthesis.
16
Q
What process consumes oxygen?
A
Respiration - plants use oxygen to break down sugars.
17
Q
What process occurs in cells containing mitochondria?
A
Respiration - mitochondria are the cellular organelles where respiration takes place.
18
Q
What process can have a cooling effect on leaves?
A
Transpiration - occurs as water evaporates.
19
Q
Where does photosynthesis occur?
A
Leaves.
20
Q
Where does anchorage occur?
A
Roots.
21
Q
What plant part produces branches, leaves and flowers?
A
Buds.
22
Q
What plant part transports water, nutrients and sugars?
A
Stem.
23
Q
What plant part absorbs water and nutrients?
A
Roots.
24
Q
What plant part attracts pollinators?
A
Flowers.
25
What plant part disperses seed?
Fruit.
26
What plant part handles gaseous exchange?
Leaves.
27
What is the main product of photosynthesis?
Glucose & sugar.
28
What are the two raw products used in photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide & Water.
29
Where do plants get the energy needed for photosynthesis?
Sunlight.
30
Does photosynthesis only occur in chloroplasts?
Yes.
31
What color are chloroplasts and where are they mostly located?
Green, on leaves.
32
What is the main product of respiration?
Energy.
33
What are the two basic requirements for respiration?
Oxygen, Glucose/sugar.
34
Does respiration only occur in mitochondria?
No.
35
Where are mitochondria found in plants?
In all living plant cells.
36
How does water move through a plant?
In through the roots and out through the stomata.
37
What are two benefits of transpiration?
Cooling effect on leaves, transports nutrients up the plant.
38
What is the leaf type with one blade?
Simple.
39
What is the leaf type with multiple leaflets?
Compound.
40
What is always found where a leaf joins the stem?
Axillary bud.
41
What is the short stalk of a leaf?
Petiole.
42
What is the green part of a leaf?
Lamina.
43
What is the edge of a leaf called?
Margin/blade.
44
What is a leaf with no petiole called?
Sessile.
45
What is the end of a leaf furthest from the stem called?
Apex.
46
What are the green parts of a compound leaf called?
Leaflets.
47
What is a pair of leafy structures at the base of a petiole called?
Stipules.
48
What is the stalk of a compound leaf between lower and upper leaflets called?
Rachis.
49
What is a compound leaf with a terminal leaflet called?
Imparipinnate.
50
What is the change from juvenile to adult growth called?
Heteroblasty.
51
Is a plant with parallel or penniveined venation a monocot?
True.
52
Do dicots have netted or reticulate venation?
True.
53
Is a glaucous leaf smooth with no hairs?
False.
54
Is peltate the most common form of leaf attachment?
False (petiolate).
55
Is a palmatisect leaf more deeply lobed than a palmatifid leaf?
True.
56
Is an obcordate leaf like an upside-down cordate leaf?
True.
57
Does a serrulate margin have larger teeth than a serrate margin?
False.
58
What is the bud at the end of a stem called?
Terminal bud.
59
What is a bud that forms in the axil of a leaf called?
Axillary bud.
60
What is the scar left on a stem where a terminal bud was during the previous winter called?
Terminal bud scar.
61
What is a pore in the bark that allows oxygen exchange called?
Lenticel.
62
What is the point on a stem where leaves and buds form called?
Node.
63
What is the part of a stem between nodes called?
Internode.
64
What is the growth produced since the current growing season began called?
Current season's growth.
65
What is the growth from the previous year called?
One year old wood.
66
What is the mark left where a leaf was attached called?
Leaf scar.
67
What is a small branch called?
Branchlet.
68
In which season are soft tip cuttings taken?
Spring.
69
In which season are semi-hardwood cuttings taken?
Summer - Autumn.
70
In which season are hardwood cuttings taken?
Winter.
71
Do botanists use the term 'herbs' for any plant that is not hardwooded?
True.
72
Can monocots be both hardwooded perennials and herbs?
False.
73
Do monocarpic plants produce one large flower each year?
False.
74
Do only hard wooded perennials produce rings of wood?
True.
75
Is a lenticel a pore in bark that lets in oxygen for respiration?
True.
76
Does a tree grow taller both from terminal shoots and from the base of the trunk?
False.
77
Do terminal buds produce plant hormones that stop axillary buds from growing?
True.
78
Does pruning stems stimulate branching?
True.
79
Are there miniature stem, leaves and axillary buds inside vegetative buds?
True.
80
Are flower buds usually smaller than vegetative buds?
False.
81
When a seed of a dicot germinates, what type of root system forms?
Tap root.
82
When a seed of a monocot germinates, what type of root system forms?
Fibrous.
83
What type of roots grow directly from a stem?
Adventitious.
84
What are three different methods of plant propagation that rely on adventitious roots?
Cuttings, layering, division.
85
What is the function of root hairs?
Increase surface area for water & nutrient absorption.
86
What is the function of the root cap?
Protects root tip as it pushes through soil.
87
What problems can occur later when the root system of a young plant is kinked?
Poor growth & anchorage, sudden death due to lack of water transport.
88
What problems can occur later if a root system is allowed to girdle?
Poor anchorage, stunted growth, ringbarking of the trunk.
89
What are reasons for propagating a tree by grafting or budding?
1. Growing scions better suited to local soil; 2. To influence scion growth pattern (eg dwarfing).
90
What do we call the part of the plant where the graft occurs?
Union.
91
What do we call the part of the plant above this join?
Scion.
92
What do we call the part of the plant below this join?
Rootstock/understock.
93
Do the roots of a dicot tree only extend as far as the drip zone?
False.
94
Do tap roots always grow as deep as the height of a tree?
False.
95
Will roots suffocate if extra soil is placed over them to raise the ground level?
True.
96
Are older parts of roots able to absorb most of the water a plant needs?
False.
97
Do roots have nodes or buds?
True.
98
Do monocots continue to produce new fibrous roots throughout their life?
True.
99
Can all roots produce suckers (new stems)?
False.
100
What are rigid, sharply pointed leaves that have no leaf blade?
Spines.
101
What is a flattened leaf-like petiole?
Phyllode.
102
What is a long slender coiling leaf (or leaflet) found on climbing plants?
Tendril.
103
What are brightly colored leaves associated with flowers?
Bracts.
104
What is a single large colored leaf associated with an inflorescence?
Spathe.
105
What are very small leaves that reduce water loss?
Scale leaves.
106
What leaf modifications might you find on xerophytic plants?
Scale leaves, specialized tissues (succulent) for dry environments, thorns/spines to reduce movement.
107
What is a broad flat green stem that functions as a leaf?
Cladode.
108
What is a stem with a hard, sharp tip?
Thorn.
109
What is an underground, horizontal stem?
Rhizome.
110
What is a stem running over the ground, rooting at nodes?
Stolon.
111
What are sharp growths occurring anywhere on the stem?
Prickles.
112
What looks like a bulb but is solid stem inside?
Corm.
113
What are five underground storage organs found on herbaceous perennials?
Rhizomes, bulbs, corms, stem tubers, root tubers.
114
What groups of plants commonly have rhizomes?
Grasses, ferns, softwooded perennials.
115
What root emerges out of waterlogged soils to obtain oxygen?
Pneumatophore.
116
What adventitious roots grow from a branch to the ground?
Prop.
117
What adventitious roots grow from lower nodes on the stem?
Stilt.
118
What adventitious roots cling to rough surfaces?
Climbing.
119
What roots grow into another plant to take their food supply?
Parasitic.
120
What roots attach one plant onto another plant?
Epiphytic.
121
What roots pull corms deeper into the soil?
Contractile.
122
What flattened, wedge shaped roots radiate from the trunk?
Buttress.
123
Which three root modifications help to stabilize plants with tall trunks and shallow roots?
Buttress, prop, stilt.
124
What are four modifications that help a plant to climb?
Tendrils, twining stems, hooks/prickles, adventitious climbing roots.
125
What are two modifications found in Eucalyptus spp. that enable plants to grow back after fire or drought?
Epicormic buds, lignotuber.
126
What is cauliflory?
Flowers/fruits growing directly from the stem.
127
Are rhizomes always fleshy?
False.
128
Are spines usually larger and woodier than thorns?
False.
129
Do new bulbs (offsets) grow from axillary buds on the short basal stem?
True.
130
Does a bulb usually produce more baby plants each year than a corm?
True.
131
Are stem tubers always underground?
False.
132
May shoots from epicormic buds indicate a tree is stressed?
True.
133
Must hemiparasites, like Quandongs, be planted near a suitable host plant?
True.
134
What is the stalk of an individual flower?
Pedicel.
135
What is a whorl of petals called?
Corolla.
136
What is a whorl of sepals called?
Calyx.
137
What is the male part of a flower?
Stamen.
138
Is it true that a stressed tree indicates environmental issues?
True.
139
What is the female part of a flower?
Pistil.
140
What is calyx and corolla together called?
Perianth.
141
What is a group of flowers borne on one stem called?
Inflorescence.
142
What is the tip of the flower stalk from which the petals and sepals grow called?
Receptacle.
143
What are the two parts of a stamen called?
Filament and Anther.
144
What are the three parts of a pistil?
Stigma, Style, and Ovary.
145
What is the term for a flower that has a regular shape?
Actinomorphic.
146
What is the term for a flower with an irregular shape?
Zygomorphic.
147
What are petals and sepals that look the same called?
Tepals.
148
Is a panicle a type of inflorescence?
True.
149
Is funnelform a type of flower shape?
True.
150
Is the difference between a raceme and a spike that flowers are sessile in a spike?
True.
151
Does a daisy flower have a solitary inflorescence?
False (has capitulum).
152
Does an umbel have pedicels growing from the same node, roughly the same length?
True.
153
Does a campanulate flower usually hang down?
True.
154
Is an urceolate flower bowl shaped?
False.
155
Does an apetalous flower have no petals?
True.
156
Is a labiate flower actinomorphic?
False.
157
Do catkins often have naked flowers?
True.
158
Are petals, sepals and stamens attached to the top of a superior ovary?
True.
159
What are male flowers called?
Staminate.
160
What are female flowers called?
Pistillate.
161
What is it called when male and female flowers are on the same plant?
Monoecious.
162
What is it called when male and female flowers are on different plants?
Dioecious.
163
What is the correct order of angiosperm reproduction?
1. Pollination
2. Germination of the pollen grain
3. Fertilisation
4. Petals and stamens shrivel and fall
5. Fruit and seeds develop from the ovary and ovules.
164
What are three ways that pollen can be transferred to the stigma?
Wind (anemophily), Insects (entophily), Birds (ornithophily).
165
What are the characteristics of pollen that cause symptoms of hayfever?
Wind-borne pollen that is light, dry & produced in large quantities.
166
What is it called when a flower is pollinated from a separate flower on the same plant?
Self-pollination (autogamy).
167
What is it called when a flower is pollinated from a plant of the same species, but not a clone?
Cross-pollination.
168
What is it called when a flower is pollinated from a plant of a different but closely related species?
Hybridization/interspecific pollination.
169
What is an example of a plant that can produce fruit without viable seeds?
Banana (parthenocarpic fruit) - develop without fertilization.
170
What is fruit formed from the ovary plus some other part of the flower (usually the receptacle)?
False/accessory fruit.
171
What is fruit formed from just the ovary?
True fruit.
172
What is part of the fruit made from the ovary wall?
Pericarp.
173
What is the inner layer of the pericarp?
Endocarp.
174
What is fruit formed from one flower with one pistil?
Simple fruit.
175
What is fruit formed from one flower with more than one pistil?
Aggregate fruit.
176
What is fruit formed from an inflorescence?
Multiple fruit.
177
What is dry fruit that sheds its seeds when ripe?
Dehiscent.
178
What is fruit that does not shed its seeds when ripe?
Indehiscent.
179
What are the cavities (or air spaces) in a carpel called?
Locules.
180
What is a thin-skinned fleshy fruit with seeds embedded in flesh?
Berry.
181
What is a fleshy fruit with a stony endocarp?
Drupe.
182
What is a simple fruit surrounded by a fleshy receptacle?
Pome.
183
What is a fruit with a single carpel that splits on one side only?
Follicle.
184
What is a fruit with a single carpel that splits on two sides?
Legume.
185
What is a dry dehiscent fruit with more than two carpels?
Capsule.
186
What is a single-seeded fruit with a wing?
Samara.
187
What is a single-seeded fruit with a hard pericarp?
Nut.
188
What is the difference between primary growth and secondary growth?
Primary occurs at tips & increases length/height; Secondary growth occurs at stems & increases girth/thickness.
189
When stems have secondary growth, what does the vascular cambium make toward the center of the stem?
Xylem.
190
What does the vascular cambium make toward the outside of the stem?
Phloem.
191
What does the cork cambium make toward the outside?
Cork/bark.
192
When we count growth rings to age a tree, what are we counting yearly growth of?
Secondary xylem.
193
Why does the stem of a woody plant taper from the base to the apex?
Because secondary growth has been adding layers for longer at the base than the apex.
194
What is the difference between heartwood and sapwood?
Heartwood is older and inactive xylem at center; Sapwood is newer & active xylem that conducts water.
195
What is a ray and what does it do?
Horizontal tissue - transports materials laterally across the stem & provides storage.
196
Where a branch meets the trunk, the growth rings overlap and form a swelling. What is this called and why is it important?
Branch collar - aids healing after pruning.
197
When ringbarking a tree, which tissues do you remove?
Bark, cork cambium, phloem & vascular cambium.
198
When injecting a tree with insecticide, into which tissue do you inject?
Sapwood (active xylem).
199
Do monocot stems have a vascular cambium?
True.
200
Do all plants have secondary growth?
False.
201
Is the vascular cambium located near the center of a woody trunk?
False.
202
Does a ringbarked tree die slowly (around 1 year) as the roots are starved of sugars?
True.
203
Is an advantage of ringbarking that roots do not produce suckers as they die?
True.
204
Are epicormic shoots as securely tied into trunks as branches from primary growth?
False.
