revision - reproduction and respiration

Question 1

What is asexual reproduction - No_ parents involved, genetics etc

Answer 1

In asexual reproduction, the offspring is genetically identical to the parent (there’s only one parent involved). Also genetically identical to other offspring of same parent. No fertilisation is involved.

Question 2

What is the main type of cell division in asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

Answer 2

Mitosis

Question 3

What is sexual reproduction

Answer 3

50% genetically same to each parent (2 parents involved). Not genetically same to other offspring of same parents. Fertilisation involved

Question 4

By what kind of cell division are gametes formed

Answer 4

Meiosis

Question 5

What is a diploid cell

Answer 5

A cell that contains two copies of each chromosome (one from each parent)

Question 6

What is a haploid cell

Answer 6

A cell that contains one copy of each chromosome (e.g gametes)

Question 7

What is fertilisation

Answer 7

The fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division (mitosis) and develops into an embryo

Question 8

Two ways plants can asexually reproduce and exmaples

Answer 8

Naturally - runners
Artificially - cuttings

Question 9

What is a runner

Answer 9

Involved in natural, asexual plant reproduction. A side shoot that grows from parent plant. Buds form at points along the runner (where it touches the ground) and eventually these buds form roots and grow into new plants

Question 10

Structure of a flower - male parts of flower and purposes

Answer 10

Stamen - overall name for the male parts of flower
Anther - oval thing on stick, where pollen (male gamete) is produced and released
Filament - holds up the anther

Question 11

Structure of a flower - female parts of flower and purposes

Answer 11

Carpels - overall name for female parts of flower
Stigma - fat thing in middle of flower, receives pollen
Style - tube running down from stigma, connects stigma to ovary
Ovary - contains the ovules
Ovules - contains the ova

Question 12

Features of insect pollinated plants and adaptations
- petals
- stigma

Answer 12

-Large brightly coloured petals to attracts insect pollinators
-Stigma is enclosed within flower so insect must make contact with it, and sticky so pollen grains attach from insects

Question 13

Features of insect pollinated plants and adaptations
-stamen
-pollen
-nectaries

Answer 13

• stamen enclosed within flower to ensure pollinator rubs against it
  -pollen grains are large and sticky with hooks to attach to pollinator’s fur
  -nectaries present to attract pollinators

Question 14

Features of wind pollinated plants
-stigma
-petals
-nectaries

Answer 14

-stigma are exposed and feathery to catch pollen grains blowing in wind
-petals are usually small and green
- nectaries absent (no need to attract pollinators)

Question 15

Features of wind pollinated plants
-stamen
-pollen

Answer 15

• stamen are exposed so wind can easily pick up pollen
• pollen grains are small, smooth and inflated

Question 16

What happens when a pollen grain lands on an appropriate stigma

Answer 16

The pollen grain grows a pollen tube which digests its way through the style, to the ovary. It grows around the opening of an ovule (the micropyle), allowing the pollen grain nucleus to move in. It fuses with an ovum, fertilising it.

Question 17

What happens after fertilisation

Answer 17

The fertilised ovum becomes a seed.
The ovary becomes a seed

Question 18

How does a germinating seed get food

Answer 18

Until the seed is able to photosynthesise, they must get energy from somewhere else. The seed contains a cotyledons, a food store, which provides it with energy.

Question 19

parts of the male reproductive system

Answer 19

bladder, seminal gland, sperm duct, penis, urethra, testes, foreskin, scrotum

Question 20

Journey of sperm cells

Answer 20

Sperm cells are made in the testes. They travel through the sperm duct and urethra when leaving the body.

Question 21

Function of the labia

Answer 21

Folds of tissue which surround and protect the clitoris and the openings of the vagina and urethra

Question 22

Functions of
-seminal gland
-testes
-anus

Answer 22

• produce the liquid that mixes the sperm to form semen
  -sperm are produced here
  -base of the lower intestine, through which faecal matter exits body

Question 23

Functions of
-erectile tissue
-bladder
-foreskin

Answer 23

• is filled with blood when aroused to allow penis to become hard
  -urine is stored here
  -layer of skin and muscle that covers and protects the glans of the penis

Question 24

Functions of
-scrotum
-urethra
-glans

Answer 24

• sack of skin and muscle which contains the testes, helps to regulate their temperature
  -tube that urine and sperm leave the body through
  -tip of penis, zone of sexual pleasure

Question 25

Functions of -penis -sperm duct

Answer 25

- used to get sperm into female -tube the sperm travel through during intercourse

Question 26

Role of FSH in the menstrual cycle

Answer 26

produced by the pituitary gland. causes egg to mature in follicle, in ovary. stimulates oestrogen production

Question 27

Role of oestrogen in menstrual cycle

Answer 27

produced by ovaries. causes lining of uterus to rebuild/thicken after menstruation. stimulates LH production.

Question 28

Role of LH in menstrual cycle

Answer 28

produced by pituitary gland. causes follicle to move towards edge of ovary and burst open, releasing egg (ovulation). stimulates progesterone production

Question 29

Role of progesterone in menstrual cycle

Answer 29

produced by corpus luteum (follicle remains). thickens and maintains limning of uterus, prevents ovulation.

Question 30

role of placenta

Answer 30

provide a surface across which useful materials and waste products can pass between mother's and foetus' blood. anchors embryo. secretes progesterone which stops period. prevents transmission of pathogens.

Question 31

what protects developing embryo

Answer 31

amnion (aka amniotic sac) protects embryo from physical harm with amniotic fluid which cushions impact received.

Question 32

What is ATP

Answer 32

ATP is the product of respiration, and the molecule that is produced from the breakdown of glucose.

Question 33

Word equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 33

oxygen + glucose –> carbon dioxide and water

Question 34

Symbol equation for aerobic respiration

Answer 34

6O2+ C6H12O6 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 35

word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals

Answer 35

Glucose –> lactic acid

Question 36

word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast

Answer 36

glucose –> carbon dioxide + ethanol

Question 37

Describe the process of anaerobic respiration

Answer 37

We anaerobically respire when doing high intensity exercise, as we use up the oxygen in our muscles and can’t replace it all. This means we respire anaerobically.