Rivers

Question 1

What is abrasion?

Answer 1

Rocks carried along by the river wear down the river bed and banks

Question 2

What is attrition?

Answer 2

Rocks being carried by the river smashing against eachother

Question 3

What is discharge?

Answer 3

The quantity of water that passes a given point within a given period of time

Question 4

What is an estuary?

Answer 4

Where the river meets the sea

Question 5

What are embankments?

Answer 5

Raised banks constructed along the river

Question 6

What is flood plain zoning?

Answer 6

Separating land so that land that often gets flooded is not built upon

Question 7

What is a flood relief channel?

Answer 7

Artificial channels made to increase discharge

Question 8

What are fluvial processes?

Answer 8

Relating to erosion, transport and deposition of a river

Question 9

What is a gorge?

Answer 9

A narrow steep sided valley

Question 10

What is hard engineering?

Answer 10

Using artificial structures to strop, disrupt or reduce the impact of river processes

Question 11

What is hydraulic action?

Answer 11

Air being trapped in cracks, this weakens the banks and wears it away

Question 12

What are interlocking spurs?

Answer 12

A series of ridge projecting out on alternate sides of a valley

Question 13

What is a levee?

Answer 13

Embankment of sediment along the bank of a river

Question 14

What is saltation?

Answer 14

Particles bouncing down the river bed

Question 15

What is soft engineering?

Answer 15

Using the natural enviroment and working with the. River

Question 16

What is solution?

Answer 16

Soluble particles dissolving into the rivet

Question 17

What is suspension?

Answer 17

Fine solid material held in the water whilst it is moving

Question 18

What are the different stores of water?

Answer 18

Interception
Surface storage
Soil moisture
Groundwater store

Question 19

What are the water transfers?

Answer 19

Stem flow
Infiltration
Percolation
Groundwater flow
Through flow
Surface run off

Question 20

What is the water table?

Answer 20

Current upper level of saturated soil where no more water can be absorbed

Question 21

What is ground water flow?

Answer 21

Water flow through the rock layer

Question 22

What is through flow?

Answer 22

Water flow through the soil layer

Question 23

What is percolation?

Answer 23

Water seeping deeper through the rock

Question 24

What is a drainage basin?

Answer 24

The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries

Question 25

What is a confluence?

Answer 25

Where a tributary joins a larger river

Question 26

What is watershed?

Answer 26

The edge of a river basin

Question 27

How mnay courses of a river are there?

Answer 27

3

Question 28

How does the gradient of a river change from source to mouth?

Answer 28

Gets less steep

Question 29

What landforms can you expect in an upper course?

Answer 29

V shaped valleys Interlocking spurs Waterfalls

Question 30

What landforms can you expect in a middle course?

Answer 30

Meanders Oxbow lakes

Question 31

What landforms can you expect in the lower course?

Answer 31

Levees, flood plains, estuaries

Question 32

What is traction?

Answer 32

Material rolled along the bed

Question 33

What is load?

Answer 33

Material being carried by the river

Question 34

What is deposition?

Answer 34

Material being transported by the river is dropped

Question 35

What characteristics can you expect in the upper course?

Answer 35

Valley - steep Channel - narrow

Question 36

What characteristics can you expect in the middle course?

Answer 36

Valley - wider, less steep Channel - wider, deeper

Question 37

What characteristics can you expect in the lower course?

Answer 37

Valley - flat, wide Channel - deep, wide

Question 38

What processes and material can we expect in the upper course?

Answer 38

Mainly erosion Load is large nad angular

Question 39

What processes and material can we expect in the middle course?

Answer 39

Erosion and transportation Load slightly smaller and rounder

Question 40

What processes and material can we expect in the lower course?

Answer 40

Transportation and deposition Load is small and round

Question 41

How are interlocking spurs formed?

Answer 41

Vertical erosion creates a v shaped valley Rivers lack lateral erosion so it is forced to wind around hillsides

Question 42

How is a waterfall formed?

Answer 42

Water runs over alternating bands of hard and soft rock Erosion wears away the soft rock This starts to undercut the hard rock This collapses into the river bed creating a plunge pool This repeats and the waterfall retreats backwards Leaving a gorge

Question 43

What is the faster flow of water in a meander called?

Answer 43

Thalweg

Question 44

What human factors can affect flood risk?

Answer 44

Deforestation Urbanisation

Question 45

What physical factors can increase flood risk?

Answer 45

Relief Rainfall Basin size Rock type Soil saturation

Question 46

What are examples of hard engineering strategies?

Answer 46

Chanel straightening Embankments Flood relief channels Dams and resiviors

Question 47

What are some soft engineering strategies?

Answer 47

Flood warning + preparation Flood plain zoning Afforestation Reviver restoration

Question 48

Where does the jubilee channel effect?

Answer 48

Windsor Eton Wraysbury

Question 49

How much did the jubilee river relief channel cost?

Answer 49

£110 million

Question 50

What is the cost of repairing the channel after an episode of flooding?

Answer 50

£680,000

Question 51

When was the jubilee river completed?

Answer 51

2002

Question 52

What are some socioeconomic positives of the jubilee river?

Answer 52

3000 properties are protected

Question 53

What are some socio economic negatives of the jubilee river?

Answer 53

Small business’s can’t open when they are flooded so they are under pressure Most expensive flood relief scheme in the UK Funding has now been withdrawn so the government only fund parts

Question 54

What are some environmental issues of the jubilee channel?

Answer 54

The concrete weirs are ugly The natural ecosystem has been effected The Thames now experiences much higher flooding

Question 55

What towns has the jubilee river helped?

Answer 55

Maidenhead Windsor Eton

Question 56

What towns has the jubilee river negatively affected?

Answer 56

Old Windsor Wraysbury

Question 57

What are the positives of the jubilee river?

Answer 57

Protects 3,200 homes Increases river capacity Protects 500 businesses

Question 58

What are the negatives of the jubilee river?

Answer 58

Business insurance now costs £500 million Its an economic burden as it is very expensive to restore Worsened flooding in Wraysbury Eutrophication Property price reduced by 20%