Rizal in Ateneo Flashcards
(257 cards)
1
Q
RIZAL’S STUDENT DAYS IN THE ATENEO MUNICIPAL
A
1872-1877
2
Q
The ___________ first came to the Philippines in 1581
A
Spanish Jesuits
3
Q
____________ forced the Jesuits out of the country and all Spanish dominions
A
King Charles III (1768)
4
Q
___________ formally declared the dissolution of the Society of Jesus in 1773
A
Pope Clement XIV
5
Q
In 1814, ________ signed the Constitution “Sollicitudo Ecclesiarum” restoring the Jesuit Order world-wide.
A
Pope Pius VII
6
Q
In 1814, Pope Pius VII signed the Constitution “_____________” restoring the Jesuit Order world-wide.
A
Sollicitudo Ecclesiarum
7
Q
October 19, 1852, __________ signed a royal cedula assigning the Jesuits to the Philippines
A
Queen Isabella II
8
Q
June 14, 1859, The ______ arrived in the Philippines
A
Jesuits
9
Q
Ten _____, six _______, and four _______________ arrived in the Philippines
A
Jesuits
priests
coadjutor brothers
10
Q
August 5, 1859, the __________ or the city council requested the ___________ for a Jesuit school financed by public money.
A
ayuntamiento
Governor-General
11
Q
________________ asked the Jesuits to take over the Escuela Pia, a boys’ primary school in Manila.
A
Gov. Fernando de Norzagaray
12
Q
Gov. Fernando de Norzagaray asked the Jesuits to take over the _________, a boys’ primary school in Manila.
A
Escuela Pia
13
Q
a boys’ primary school in Manila.
A
Escuela Pia
14
Q
October 1, 1859, the Governor-General signed the decree transferring the _____________ to the Jesuits.
A
Escuela Pia
15
Q
November 25, 1859, the __________________ was approved.
A
first set of rules of the new school (former Escuela Pia)
16
Q
December 7, they bought a building facing the ____________ for use as classrooms
A
Casa Mision
17
Q
December 10, classes opened at the “______________”
A
Escuela Municipal
18
Q
Rector of Escuela Municipal
A
Father Cuevas
19
Q
Prefect of Studies of Escuela Municipal
A
Father Jose Ignacio Guerrico
20
Q
Prefect of Discipline of Escuela Municipal
A
Bro. Venancio Belzunce
21
Q
Teachers of Escuela Municipal
A
Frs. Ramon Barua and Eusebio Barrado
22
Q
1862, __________ believed he had the men to carry out the Jesuit Ratio Studiorum, or plan of studies, for the new school
A
Father Cuevas
23
Q
Plan of studies, for the new school (Escuela Municipal)
A
Jesuit Ratio Studiorum
24
Q
They planned to raise the Escuela to the rank of a secondary school and later on called it “____________”
A
Ateneo Municipal
25
inferior class was divided into 2 sections namely:
Inferior A
| Inferior B
26
studied the essentials of Spanish grammar and arithmetic
Inferior A
27
added universal history and the geography of Oceania and the Philippines.
Inferior B
28
Religion, Conduct, Urbanidad, Reading, Writing, the essentials of Bible history, and universal geography
Infima and Inferior
29
history, geography, Spanish literary style and composition, arithmetic, algebra, and geometry.
media class
30
algebra, geometry, besides trigonometry, botany and zoology
superior class
31
physics, astronomy, chemistry, mineralogy, and geology
suprema class
32
Daily classes lasted for _________ hours in the morning, and _____ hours in the afternoon
3
| 2
33
There are regular __________, and _______ as well as _____________ at the end of the year
monthly examinations
private
public examinations
34
The deserving received _____________
medals and prizes (books, laurel wreaths)
35
The misdemeanors received _____________
punishments (suspension, kneeling for a moderate time, exile to a separate seat from the rest, or wearing a card describing the fault)
36
Character of Student (Jesuit System of Education)
Rigid discipline and religious instruction
37
subjects where they aim to develop the child (Jesuit System of Education)
Physical culture, humanities and science
38
where Rizal was enrolled; academic (Jesuit System of Education)
Bachelor of Arts curriculum
39
other courses offered; vocational (Jesuit System of Education)
Agriculture, commerce, mechanics, and surveying
40
Emphasized through masses and prayers before and after class (Jesuit System of Education)
Religion
41
Uniform (Jesuit System of Education)
white coat “rayadillo”
striped shirt
black tie
cream-colored hempen trousers
42
Two empires (Ateneo)
Roman Empire and Carthaginian Empire
43
internos (boarders)
Roman Empire
44
externos (non-boarders)
Carthaginian Empire
45
Ranks (empires in ateneo)
```
“Emperor”;best
“Tribune”; second best
“Decurion”; third best
“Centurion”;fourth best
“Standard-bearer”;fifth best
```
46
best (rank in empires in ateneo)
Emperor
47
second best (rank in empires in ateneo)
Tribune
48
third best (rank in empires in ateneo)
Decurion
49
fourth best (rank in empires in ateneo)
Centurion
50
fifth best (rank in empires in ateneo)
Standard-bearer
51
Banners (empires in ateneo)
Red for the Romans
| Blue for the Carthaginians
52
First defeat
banner of the losing party was transferred to the left side of the room
53
Second defeat
banner was placed in an inferior position to the right side
54
Third defeat
inclined flag was placed on the left
55
Fourth defeat
flag was reversed and returned to the right
56
Fifth defeat
reversed flag was placed on the left
57
Sixth defeat
banner was changed with a figure of a donkey
58
Rizal found the system (empires) _____________
very much to his liking
59
Why did rizal like the system?
every student was given a fighting
chance to excel in all subjects regardless
of color or station in life
60
Had a reputation of treating the Filipino students as Spaniards
Ateneo Municipal
61
How did Ateneo differ from other colleges at that time?
the Jesuits priests did not, as in some other colleges of the time, make the Filipino students by and large, provincianos, lie on petites on the floor and eat on low tables “dulang” with their fingers
62
He refused to admit Rizal
Father Magin Fernando S.J.
63
Why did Father Magin Fernando S.J. refuse to admit Rizal?
late enrollment
| physically weak and undersized for his age, eleven
64
Spaniard nephew of Fr. Jose Burgos to whom Rizal seek for recommendation
Dr. Manuel Xerez Burgos
65
first of his family to adopt the surname
Jose Rizal
66
enrolled name to avoid suspicions of the Spanish authorities by family name “Mercado”
Jose Rizal
67
Paciano had used “Mercado” as his surname at the ____________ and he was known to the authorities as __________ favorite student and confidant
College of San Jose
| Father Burgos’
68
old site in the Walled City
Intramuros
69
burned down
Intramuros
70
splendid educators
Spanish Jesuits
71
prestige as an excellent college for boys
Spanish Jesuits
72
College of San Juan de Letran
Dominicans
73
charity school
Escuela Pia
74
a school for poor boys in Manila
Escuela Pia
75
management of the Jesuits
Escuela Pia
76
expelled from the Philippines in 1768, returned to Manila in 1859
Jesuits
77
with discipline, method, and work schedule
Rizal in Ateneo
78
trained himself for his sacred apostolate
Rizal in Ateneo
79
conduct himself with excellence
Rizal in Ateneo
80
without selfish or materialistic motives
Rizal in Ateneo
81
moved by the spirit of self-abnegation
Rizal in Ateneo
82
Where rizal boarded (1st year)
Caraballo Street
83
outside Intramuros, 25-minute walk from school with Pastor Millena
Caraballo Street
84
family friend
Tandang Titay
85
paying off a Php 300 debt to the Mercados by taking in Jose as boarder and whose mother lived with them
Tandang Titay
86
making Jose play for stakes to win money for herself
Tandang Titay
87
Jose learned “________” by watching Tandang Titay
pangginge
88
Rizal’s First Day
Mass at the college chapel
89
Rizal's class (first day, first year)
great number of boys; Spaniards,
| mestizos and Filipinos
90
Teachers of Jose (first day, first year)
Fr. Jose Bech
Fr. Francisco Paula Sanchez
Fr. Villaclara
91
first professor; unpredictable
Fr. Jose Bech
92
favorite mentor
Fr. Francisco Paula Sanchez
93
liked him very much unaccountably sought to discourage the boy’s devotion to the Muses
Fr. Villaclara
94
Classmates (first day, first year)
Florencio Gavino Oliva
Joaquin Garrido
Moises Santiago
Gonzalo Marzana
95
the talented but indolent
Florencio Gavino Oliva
96
diligent Spanish mestizo; poor memory
Joaquin Garrido
97
mathematician
Moises Santiago
98
bright & friendly; became the “Emperor of the Romans”
Gonzalo Marzana
99
Why was Jose at the bottom of his class at first?
newcomer and knew little Spanish
100
After a week, Rizal _________________
progresses rapidly
101
At the end of the month, Rizal was _______________________
Emperor of the Carthaginians
102
How did Rizal become at the top of his class?
achieved by studying Spanish at midday/Siesta time at the Santa Isabel College for 3 pesos a month
103
first prize ever won at Ateneo
Saint’s portrait
104
for his fast status progress and being the brightest pupil in class
Saint’s portrait
105
During the Second Half of his First Year, Rizal ________________________
Lost interest
106
Why did rizal lose interest during the second half of his first year?
- harsh words from a professor
- passed all subjects, not too hardworking
- “Excellent”
107
Rizal's final grade at the end of the year
“Accesit”
- “Excellent”
placed second in class
- no prize
108
During the summer vacation, __________________________________
Rizal returned to Calamba
did not enjoy his vacation
- mother was in prison
109
Neneng brought Rizal with
| her to cheer him up
Tanauan
110
visits mother in prison; gladly embraced her son
Santa Cruz
111
gave Dona Teodora the news that he had received an accesit
Santa Cruz
112
Where rizal boarded (after summer vacation)
6 Magallanes Street
| inside Intramuos
113
old widow; lived with her daughter, also a widow, Doña Encarnacion, and other four sons, Jose, Rafael, Ignacio and Ramon
Doña Pepay (6 Magallanes Street)
114
Second Year in Ateneo
(1873-74)
115
During his second year, Rizal was ____________
Emperor
116
repented having neglected his studies the previous year
Second Year in Ateneo
117
He studied harder
Second Year in Ateneo
118
regained his lost class leadership
Second Year in Ateneo
119
Rizal's new
Justiniano Jao-jocco, Angel and Santiago Carrillo
120
three boys from Biñan who had been his classmates in the school of Maestro Justiniano
Justiniano Jao-jocco, Angel and Santiago Carrillo
121
End of the Year (Second Year in Ateneo)
excellent grades in all subjects
“gold medal”
triumphantly returned to Calamba in March for summer vacation
twelve years old
122
Prophecy of Mother’s Release
```
Rizal visits his mother again
he interpreted her dream
as meaning that she would
be set free in “three months”
and came true
```
123
Rizal “Like another Joseph”
likened by his mother in his ability to interpret dreams
124
Third Year in Ateneo
1874-75
125
Board & Lodging (Third Year in Ateneo )
House with his brother Paciano
| together with a rich town mate called Quintero
126
June 1874
Opening of classes for his junior year
| Mother set free from prison
127
Third Year in Ateneo
One medal in Latin
Failure to achieve medal in Spanish
failed to win because his spoken Spanish was not fluently sonorous
beaten by a Spaniard, who, naturally, could speak Spanish with fluency and with right accentuation
“Excellent” in all subjects
128
Board & Lodging
After two months
(Third Year in Ateneo)
left his lodgings and returned to his old landlady Doña Pepay
occupied a room vacated
129
March 1875
End of the Year (Third Year in Ateneo)
130
Calamba summer vacation
End of Third Year in Ateneo (March 1875)
131
Rizal was not impressed by his scholastic work and returned dissatisfied to his hometown
End of Third Year in Ateneo (March 1875)
132
Board at Ateneo
the family fearing he was neglecting his studies, decided to make him a boarder at college
they hoped that in new surroundings, and meeting new friends, his spirits would somehow be lifted
133
Fourth year in Ateneo
1875-1876
134
Rizal became a boarder in Ateneo
Fourth year in Ateneo
135
When he was 13 years old, he was slightly bow-legged and had a large head for his frail body
Fourth year in Ateneo
136
a model of rectitude, solitude, and devotion to his pupil’s progress
Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez
137
Under him, Rizal studied Mathematics, Rhetoric, and Greek with some profit.
Father Francisco de Paula Sanchez
138
asked him to sculpt a statue of Sacred Heart of Jesus
P.Lleonart
139
His teacher in sculpture
Romualdo de Jesus
140
director of the Academy of Drawing and Painting in Manila, and a professor at Ateneo
Don Agustin Saez
141
Rizal’s teacher in solfeggio, drawing and in painting
Don Agustin Saez
142
At the end of the year (Fourth year in Ateneo), he was awarded ______________
five medals
143
Fifth year in Ateneo
1876-1877
144
Rizal was already a philosopher
Fifth year in Ateneo
145
He was studying philosophy, physics, chemistry and biology
Fifth year in Ateneo
146
In his spare time, he cultivated poetry under the direction of Father Sanchez
Fifth year in Ateneo
147
In his spare time, he cultivated poetry under the direction of __________________________
Father Sanchez
148
He graduated on March 23, 1877 with a degree of ___________ at the age of ____
bachelor of arts
| 15
149
He obtained the highest mark ____________ in all of his subjects
Sobresaliente (Excellent)
150
It was during the ______________ when Rizal began to take interest in reading Romantic novels.
summer vacation in Calamba
151
a thrilling novel that made a deep impression on Rizal
“The Count of Monte Cristo”
| by Alexander Dumas
152
hero of the story (The Count of Monte Cristo)
Edmond Dantes
153
He also read ___________.
non-fictions
154
a very costly set
“Universal History”
| by Cesar Cantu
155
According to Rizal, this valuable work was of great aid in his studies and enabled him to win more prizes in the Ateneo Municipal.
“Universal History”
| by Cesar Cantu
156
stimulated Rizal’s interest in Theological issues
“Universal History”
| by Cesar Cantu
157
made deep impressions on Rizal
“Travels in the Philippines”
| by Dr. Feodor Jagor
158
the author’s deep observations of the defects of Spanish colonization
“Travels in the Philippines”
| by Dr. Feodor Jagor
159
his [Jagor] prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and that America would come to succeed as colonizer.
“Travels in the Philippines”
| by Dr. Feodor Jagor
160
Upon the release of Donya Teodora, Rizal was motivated to ________________.
write poems
161
a greeting on the occasion of his mother’s birthday
“Mi Primera Inspiracion”
| My First Inspiration
162
showed his filial affection in deep, resonant verses
“Mi Primera Inspiracion”
| My First Inspiration
163
professor of Natural Sciences & Philosophy
FR. JOSE VILLACLARA, S.J.
164
advised Rizal to stop communing with the Muses and pay more attention to more practical studies.
FR. JOSE VILLACLARA, S.J.
165
Rizal heed his advice and instead, solicited Fr. Sanchez’ help to improve his poetry.
FR. JOSE VILLACLARA, S.J.
166
a great educator & scholar
FR. FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANCHEZ, S.J.
167
“ a model of rectitude, solicitude, and devotion to his pupils’ progress.”
FR. FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANCHEZ, S.J.
168
Rizal’s most beloved professor in Ateneo
FR. FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANCHEZ, S.J.
169
inspired and encouraged young Rizal to study harder & write poetry
FR. FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANCHEZ, S.J.
170
improved Rizal’s poetical arts by opening his mind to the enriching influences of world’s literature.
FR. FRANCISCO DE PAULA SANCHEZ, S.J.
171
as requested by his siblings to greet Antonio Lopez – husband of his sister Narcisa
Felicitacion
| (Felicitation
172
Rizal's other poems
“Felicitacion”
(Felicitation)
“El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes”
(The Departure: Hymn to Magallanes’ Fleet)
“Y Es Español: Elcano, el Primero en dar la Vuelta al Mundo”
(And he is Spanish: Elcano, the first to Circumnavigate the World)
“El Combate: Urbiztondo, Terror de Jolo”
(The Battle: Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo)
“Al Niño Jesus”
(To the Child Jesus)
“A la Virgen Maria”
(To the Virgin Mary)
173
In 1876, he wrote poems on various topics: (4)
Religion
Education
Childhood memories
War
174
written during his leisure time at school, within 3 months
“La Tragedia de San Eustaquio”
| The Tragedy of Saint Eustace
175
longest poem written then – 2, 414 verses
“La Tragedia de San Eustaquio”
| The Tragedy of Saint Eustace
176
In 1877, he wrote more poems in ___________________.
his last year in the Ateneo Municipal
177
very emotional poem
“Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo”
| In Memory of My Town
178
about his love and concern to his hometown – Calamba, Laguna
“Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblo”
| In Memory of My Town
179
poem of praise to Columbus’ heroic discovery of America
“El Heroismo de Colon”
| The Heroism of Columbus
180
how King John II of Portugal failed to gain popularity and wealth by not financing the expedition of Columbus to the “New World”.
“Colon y Juan II”
| Columbus and John II
181
believed in the significant role which education plays in the progress and welfare of a nation.
“Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria”
| Through Education the Country Receives Light
182
he knew that the most fundamental problem of the Philippines in respect of improvement of conditions - IGNORANCE
“Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre la Patria”
| Through Education the Country Receives Light
183
meaningful and a good read for a poetic mind
“Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion”
| Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education
184
importance of religion in education
“Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion”
| Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education
185
to him, education without God is not true education
“Alianza Intima Entre la Religion y la Buena Educacion”
| Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education
186
about the battle of Lucena
“El Cautivero y El Triumfe”
| The Defeat and Triumph
187
the defeat and imprisonment of Boabdil
“El Cautivero y El Triumfe”
| The Defeat and Triumph
188
a product of his readings in “El Ultimo Abencerrage” when he was 12
“El Cautivero y El Triumfe”
| The Defeat and Triumph
189
a legend in verse of the voyage of Columbus
“Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha”
| Great Comfort in Great Misfortune
190
triumphant entry of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabel in Granada, Spain.
“La Entrada Triunfal de los Reyes Catholicos en Granada”
| The Triumphal Entry of the Catholic Monarchs into Granada
191
last poem Rizal wrote in Ateneo
“Un Dialogo Alusino a la Despedida de los Colegiales”
| A Farewell Dialogue of the Students
192
poignant poem of farewell to his classmates
“Un Dialogo Alusino a la Despedida de los Colegiales”
| A Farewell Dialogue of the Students
193
carved by Rizal in a hardwood called batikuling
| using his pocket knife
Image of OUR VIRGIN MARY
194
requested by Fr. Lleonart, S.J. an old Jesuit (who was pleased later on)
Image of SACRED HEART OF JESUS
195
Ateneo boarders placed the sculpture on the door of their dormitory (for nearly 20 years)
Image of SACRED HEART OF JESUS
196
noted Filipino sculptor
ROMUALDO DE JESUS
197
Rizal’s teacher in carving
ROMUALDO DE JESUS
198
played a significant role in Rizal’s last hours in Fort Santiago
Image of SACRED HEART OF JESUS
199
famous Spanish painter
DON AUGUSTIN SAEZ
200
taught Rizal in “solfeggio”, painting and drawing
DON AUGUSTIN SAEZ
201
Director of the Academy of Drawing and Painting in Manila
DON AUGUSTIN SAEZ
202
Rizal, to develop his weak body, engaged in: (3)
GYMNASTICS
FENCING
NATIVE WRESTLING
203
Rizal’s physical trainer
UNCLE MANUEL
204
Prayerful invocations
Memorias
205
Expressions of trust in God
Memorias
206
Numerous references to his having prayed to God in private or at Mass
Memorias
207
Implored the aid of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Memorias
208
Promoter of the Apostleship of Prayer
Memorias
209
Daily attendance of Holy Mass
ATENEO PROGRAM OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES
210
Monthly confession and communion
ATENEO PROGRAM OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES
211
Fortnightly spiritual conference
ATENEO PROGRAM OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES
212
Weekly catechetical instruction*
ATENEO PROGRAM OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES
213
Chanting of litanies
ATENEO PROGRAM OF RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES
214
Rizal received intellectual training and formation in scholastic philosophy.
In Ateneo and later in UST
215
took courses in scholastic philosophy, which included logic, metaphysics, and ethics, under Father Villaclara.
Last/5th year in Ateneo
216
religious instruction classes at the Ateneo
Doctrina Cristiana y Moral
217
principal instrument of his theological formation.
Doctrina Cristiana y Moral
218
He became familiar with the writings of _________________________
Don Felix Sarda y Salvany
219
Historia Universal
by Cesare Cantu
220
by Cesare Cantu
Historia Universal
221
Courageous defender of the rights of the Church
Cesare Cantu
222
Personal friend of Pope Pius IX
Cesare Cantu
223
Only layman to attend the First Vatican Council
Cesare Cantu
224
Providential structure of history as the world moves forward to higher levels of unity and civilization under the leadership of the Church and the papacy
Cesare Cantu
225
Catalan diocesan priest
Don Felix Sarda y Salvany
226
Student of the Jesuits ( a loyal friend as well)
Don Felix Sarda y Salvany
227
Passionate orator and profilic propagandist
Don Felix Sarda y Salvany
228
Known for his CRUSADE AGAINST LIBERALISM
Don Felix Sarda y Salvany
229
manual of the ultra-conservative Integrist Party
El liberalism es pecado
230
arrived from Spain to stay at the Ateneo Municipal for about a year (1875-1876)
FR. PABLO PASTELLS, S.J.
231
SUBPREFECT – Ateneo boarders
FR. PABLO PASTELLS, S.J.
232
DIRECTOR – Congregacion Mariana
FR. PABLO PASTELLS, S.J.
233
spiritual guide and director
FR. PABLO PASTELLS, S.J.
234
“one who had guided conscience in much more propitious times”
FR. PABLO PASTELLS, S.J.
235
had very special and profound relationship with Rizal
FR. PABLO PASTELLS, S.J.
236
now known as the Christian Life Communities
CONGREGACION MARIANA
| Sodality of Our Lady
237
an association limited to boys who showed great virtue and intelligence
CONGREGACION MARIANA
| Sodality of Our Lady
238
Rizal was secretary – from being a member.
CONGREGACION MARIANA
| Sodality of Our Lady
239
gathered on Sundays and celebrated the Holy Mass together
CONGREGACION MARIANA
| Sodality of Our Lady
240
ordered to go to the provincial prison, which was is Santa Cruz, by foot instead of the usual way which was by boat.
DONYA TEODORA
241
There was a disagreement with Jose Alberto and his wife then it led to the wife pressing charges to Jose Alberto and _____________- for attemted murder
Dona Teodora
242
The lieutenant captured Dona Teodora with the help of the Gobernadorcillo of Calamba, _____________.
Antonio Vivencio del Rosario
243
Donya Teodora's lawyers were _________________ and _____________.
Manuel Marzan
| Francisco de Marcaida
244
She was imprisoned for _____________ before she was released by the __________.
2 ½ years
| Manila Royal Audencia
245
Opened Rizal’s eyes to the Spanish judicial injustice
Donya Teodora's imprisonment
246
JPR’s puppy love
JULIA CELESTE-SMITH
247
JPR was only 15 when he met her
JULIA CELESTE-SMITH
248
He was exploring when he heard her singing. He saw her taking a bath at the upstream. She was with her grandmother.
JULIA CELESTE-SMITH
249
They parted as good friends but that was the end of their encounter as they’ve never met again.
JULIA CELESTE-SMITH
250
Jose’s first love
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
251
a 14 year old girl from Lipa, Batangas when she met the 16 year old JPR
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
252
the sister of Mariano Katigbak, the friend of JPR
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
253
He first saw her at the house of his grandmother who was a friend of her and Mariano’s father in Trozo.
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
254
He was asked to paint her and everytime she looks at him, he blushes.
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
| SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
255
Their love was doomed even before it started as she was already engaged to Manuel Luz .
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
256
Their love was doomed even before it started as Segunda was already engaged to ___________.
Manuel Luz
257
a heritage house on Lipa, Batangas currently houses the kolumpyo and the chess table that JPR used when he was playing chess with Manuel Luz.
Casa de Segunda
