RNA Therapy Protein Folding and Review

Question 1

What is the date and time of the final exam?

Answer 1

Mon., May 12, 7:30 am – 9:30 am

Question 2

What extra credit can be earned by uploading the acknowledgment screen?

Answer 2

0.3% extra credit for the course evaluation

Question 3

Who was nominated by Trump to be Surgeon General?

Answer 3

Casey Means

Question 4

What did Katalin Karikó and Drew Weissman discover about mRNA?

Answer 4

Replacing uridine with pseudouridine reduces inflammatory response

Question 5

What are lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) used for in mRNA vaccines?

Answer 5

To deliver mRNA vaccines successfully

Question 6

What potential applications are being pursued by the pharmaceutical industry for RNA therapeutics?

Answer 6

• Treat cancers
• Treat inherited diseases

Question 7

What is RNA interference?

Answer 7

A pathway by which small interfering RNA (siRNA) knocks down disease-causing proteins

Question 8

What is the role of chaperones in protein folding?

Answer 8

They facilitate the correct folding of new proteins

Question 9

What is the first chaperone that a bacterial protein encounters?

Answer 9

Trigger factor

Question 10

What is the GroEL/GroES chaperonin complex?

Answer 10

A system that assists in the folding of proteins in E. coli

Question 11

What is post-translational processing?

Answer 11

The modification of newly synthesized proteins before they become biologically active

Question 12

What is one example of post-translational processing?

Answer 12

• Protease cleavage
• Disulfide bond formation
• Addition of lipids, sugars, phosphate

Question 13

What is the pKa of acetic acid?

Answer 13

4.76

Question 14

In the Bohr effect, what increases the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin?

Answer 14

The presence of H+ and CO2

Question 15

What type of structure do disulfide bonds primarily stabilize?

Answer 15

Tertiary structure

Question 16

Which enzyme catalyzes a reaction similar to that of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

Answer 16

• Malate dehydrogenase
• Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
• Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 17

What makes the reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase highly exergonic?

Answer 17

Hydrolysis of thioester

Question 18

What is required for glycogen debranching?

Answer 18

• Transfer of 3-glucose units from one branch to another
• Cleaving α (1 → 6) sugar linkages

Question 19

What is a characteristic of integral membrane proteins?

Answer 19

They have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces

Question 20

Which cytochrome passes electrons directly to oxygen?

Answer 20

Cytochrome a/a3 complex

Question 21

What equation expresses the membrane potential?

Answer 21

ΔG = RT ln ([H+]out/[H+]in) + ZFΔψ

Question 22

What is required for the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 22

• A cis-trans isomerase
• A dehydrogenase

Question 23

What nitrogen-fixing enzyme system is found exclusively in bacteria?

Answer 23

Nitrogenase

Question 24

From where do the two nitrogens in urea arise?

Answer 24

• Ammonia
• Aspartic acid

Question 25

What happens to glucose during transport via the glucose transporter?

Answer 25

Binding of glucose causes a conformational change

Question 26

What amino acid is transported from the muscle to the liver in a variation of the Cori cycle?

Answer 26

Glutamate

Question 27

What causes the glucose transporter to open to one side of the membrane?

Answer 27

Binding of glucose causes a conformational change ## Footnote This process allows glucose to be transported across the membrane.

Question 28

What can the glucose transporter do in relation to a concentration gradient?

Answer 28

It can transport glucose into a cell against a concentration gradient ## Footnote This mechanism is crucial for maintaining glucose levels within the cell.

Question 29

What types of sugars can the glucose transporter transport?

Answer 29

Any hexose ## Footnote Hexoses include glucose, galactose, and fructose.

Question 30

In a variation of the Cori cycle, which amino acid is transported from the muscle to the liver?

Answer 30

Alanine ## Footnote Alanine plays a key role in gluconeogenesis.

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT an essential amino acid in humans: valine, lysine, leucine, methionine, or serine?

Answer 31

Serine ## Footnote Serine is classified as a non-essential amino acid.

Question 32

Fill in the letters for the mnemonic PVT TIM HALL.

Answer 32

P: Phenylalanine, V: Valine, T: Threonine, T: Tryptophan, I: Isoleucine, M: Methionine, H: Histidine, A: Alanine, L: Leucine ## Footnote This mnemonic helps remember the essential amino acids.