RNA VIRUSES Flashcards
1
Q
Classification of LCM, Lassa fever virus, Lujo virus, Machupo virus, Guanarito virus, Sabia virus, Chapare virus
A
Arenaviridae (smallest RNA, enveloped, spherical capsid; SS(-) RNA)
2
Q
Classification of Astrovirus
A
Astroviridae (Naked, Star-like capsid SS(+))
3
Q
Classification of Cardiovirus, Poliovirus, Coxsackie A virus, Coxsackie B virus, Parechovirus, Enterovirus, Hepatitis A virus, Rhinovirus
A
Picornaviridae (naked, icosahedral, Single stranded(+))
4
Q
Classification of Hepatitis E virus
A
Hepeviridae (Naked, Icosahedral, SS(+))
5
Q
Classification of Norovirus, Sapovirus
A
Caliciviridae (Naked, Icosahedral, SS(+))
6
Q
Classification of Arbovirus, Yellow fever, Dengue virus, West Nile, Zika virus, Japanese B encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, Hepatitis C virus
A
Flaviviridae (Enveloped, Icosahedral, SS(+))
7
Q
Classification of Rubella virus, Alpha virus
A
Togaviridae (Enveloped, Icosahedral, SS(+))
8
Q
Classification of Rotavirus, Colorado tick fever
A
Reoviridae (Naked, Icosahedral, Rota/wheel-shaped, DS)
9
Q
Classification of Influenza viruses
A
Orthomyxoviridae (Enveloped, Spherical, SS(-))
10
Q
Classification of Hantavirus, Rin nombre virus
A
Hantaviridae (Enveloped, Spherical, SS(-))
11
Q
Classification of HIV 1 & 2, HTLV 1 & 2
A
Retroviridae (Enveloped, Icosahedral, SS(+))
12
Q
Classification of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2
A
Coronaviridae (Enveloped, Helical, Crown-shaped, SS(+))
13
Q
Classification of Rabies virus
A
Rhabdoviridae (Enveloped, Helical, Bullet-shaped, SS(-))
14
Q
Classification of Marburg virus, Ebola virus
A
Filovirus (Enveloped, Complex, SS(-))
15
Q
Classification of Mumps, Measles, Parainfluenza, RSV, Metapneumovirus
A
Paramyxoviridae (Largest RNA, Enveloped, Spherical, SS(-))
16
Q
All RNA viruses are single-stranded except
A
Reoviridae
17
Q
Which viruses replicate in the cytoplasm?
A
All RNA viruses except Retroviridae and Orthomyxoviridae
18
Q
Smallest RNA virus
A
Arenaviridae (7-10nm)
19
Q
Smallest Picornaviridae size
A
~30nm
20
Q
LCM
A
LCM virus
21
Q
Lassa fever
A
Lassa fever virus
22
Q
Lujo hemorrhagic fever
A
Lujo virus
23
Q
Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
A
Machupo virus
24
Q
Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
A
Guanarito virus
25
Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
Sabia virus
26
Chapare hemorrhagic fever
Chapare virus
27
Myocarditis, encephalitis, Type 1 DM
Cardiovirus
28
Poliomyelitis, Acute flaccid myelitis
Poliovirus
29
Herpangina
Coxsackie A virus
30
Pleurodynia
Coxsackie B virus
31
Diarrhea, aseptic meningitis
Parechovirus
32
Aseptic meningitis, pneumonia
Enterovirus
33
Infectious/Short incubation Hepatitis
Hepatitis A virus
34
Common colds
Rhinovirus
35
Hepatitis E
Hepatitis E virus
36
RNA virus that causes gastroenteritis
Norovirus, Astrovirus, Sapovirus, Rotavirus
37
Encephalitis
Arbovirus
38
Yellow fever
Yellow fever virus
39
Dengue fever
Dengue virus
40
Zika fever
Zika virus
41
Encephalitis
Japanese B encephalitis
42
Encephalitis
St. Louis encephalitis
43
Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis
Hepatitis C virus
44
German measles/Atypical scarlet fever
Rubella virus
45
Fever, arthralgia, encephalitis (Chikungunya, O'nyong nyong virus; Eastern, Western, Venezuelan equine encephalitis)
Alpha virus
46
Tick fever
Colorado tick fever
47
Flu
Influenza viruses
48
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Hantavirus (rodents)
49
Respiratory infections
Sin nombre virus
50
AIDS
HIV 1 & 2
51
Adult T cell leukemia/Lymphoma
HTLV 1 & 2
52
Respiratory infections
SARS-CoV
53
Respiratory infections
MERS-CoV
54
Respiratory infections
SARS-CoV-2
55
Seizure, Hallucinations, Paralysis
Rabies virus
56
Hemorrhagic fever
Ebola virus,Marburg virus
57
Parotitis (Orchitis, Oophoritis)
Mumps
58
Fever, Skin rashes, Pneumonia
Measles
59
Croup, Pneumonia
Parainfluenza
60
Croup, Bronchiolitis
RSV
61
Bronchiolitis, Bronchitis, Pneumonia
Metapneumovirus
62
Arenaviridae Old World viruses
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV - BSL3), Lassa fever virus (BSL4 - shock, respiratory distress, hemorrhage, death), Lujo virus (hemorrhagic fever)
63
Arenaviridae New World viruses
Chapare, Guanarito, Junin, Machupo, Sabia, Whitewater Arroyo viruses (hemorrhagic fevers)
64
Astroviridae characteristics
Star-like surface structure, Gastroenteritis (Pediatric, military troops, nursing homes, immunocompromised)
65
Best lab test for detection of Astroviridae
Electron microscopy
66
Human caliciviruses (HuCVs), formerly norwalk-like and safford-like virus
Caliciviridae
67
Outbreaks occur in semi-closed environments (e.g., cruise ships, nursing homes, schools); The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, affecting all age groups
Norovirus
68
Causes gastroenteritis in infants and toddlers, similar to astrovirus.
Sapovirus
69
Crown-like surface projections. Winter outbreaks, with 55% of common colds caused by rhinovirus and coronavirus.
Coronaviridae
70
SARS-CoV originates from bats → civet cat → human.
Beta coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
71
MERS-CoV originates from bats → camel → human.
Beta coronavirus (MERS-CoV)
72
Originated from bats → armadillo (?) → human. Mode of transmission: contaminated respiratory secretions and aerosols. Receptor: ACE-2 paired with TRMPSS2. Incubation period: 2-14 days. Initial symptoms include headache, fever, body ache, shortness of breath, and loss of taste/smell.
SARS-CoV-2 (n-CoV-2019)
73
SARS-CoV-2 variant that is more transmissible in hospitals and more severe than original strain
Alpha variant
74
SARS-CoV-2 variant that is more transmissible and causes more hospitalization than the original strain
Beta variant
75
SARS-CoV-2 variant that causes the most severe respiratory symptoms and hospitalizations
Delta variant
76
SARS-CoV-2 variant with mutations in the spike protein, more transmissible than the Delta variant but less severe
Omicron variant
77
Specimen types for SARS-CoV-2 testing
NPS/OPS, Sputum, Saliva, Nasal swab, Bronchial washing, NPS aspirate
78
Biochemical markers for SARS-CoV-2 testing
Inflammation: CRP, IL-6, IFN-Y, high LDH, AST, D-dimer
79
RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: Multiplex Real-time RT-PCR; Ct value is interpreted and reported a:
SARS-CoV-2 virus detected or not detected)
80
Culture media for SARS-CoV-2
Vero-CCL81 or Vero-E6 cell line; CPE: Rapid cell rounding, refractivity, and detachment
81
Initially used treatments for SARS-CoV-2
Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine (Terminated due to life-threatening toxicities)
82
Inhibits viral RNA synthesis
Remdesivir
83
Human monoclonal antibody to Interleukin-6 SARS-CoV-2 treatment
Tocilizumab
84
For SARS-CoV-2 from donors with no COVID-19 symptoms and negative for RT-PCR for at least 14 days
Convalescent plasma
85
FDA-approved COVID-19 drugs
Casirivimab + Imdevimab, Molnupiravir, Nirmatrelvir + Ritonavir (Paxlovid)
86
Prevention of SARS-COV-2 variant
Immunization
87
Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna method of immunity
Modified nucleoside
88
AstraZeneca, Janssen, Sputnik V method of immunity
Recombinant
89
CoronaVac, Covaxin, Sinopharm method of immunity
Inactivated
90
Covovax method of immunity
Protein nanoparticle
91
Filoviridae characteristics
Filamentous, pleomorphic, long rod-like
92
Filoviridae viruses
Marburg, Ebolavirus (Zaire, Sudan, Bundibugyo, Reston, Tai Forest)
93
Ebolavirus exceptions and mortality
Reston (nonhuman primates only), >80% mortality
94
Ebolavirus transmission
Contact with infected primate
95
Filoviridae tests
RT-PCR, Cell culture (BSL4)
96
Yellow fever virus reservoirs
Monkeys (jungle), Humans (urban)
97
Yellow fever vector
Aedes aegypti
98
Yellow fever symptoms
Jaundice, black vomit, melena, ecchymoses
99
Dengue fever symptoms
Fever, Breakbone fever, Hemorrhagic fever
100
Dengue virus vectors
Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus
101
Dengue virus incubation
4-7 days
102
Dengue virus tests
CBC, NS1 ELISA, Dengue Duo, PRNT (RITM confirms serotypes)
103
West Nile virus reservoir and vector
Birds (reservoir), Mosquito (vector)
104
West Nile transmission
Blood, tissue, breast milk
105
West Nile symptoms
Fever, encephalitis, meningitis
106
Zika virus associations
Neuropathy, Guillain-Barre, microencephaly
107
Zika virus transmission
Mother-fetus, sexual, blood transfusion, organ transplant
108
Zika virus tests
<7 days: NAAT; >7 days: IgM ELISA
109
Hepatitis C virus
Hepatitis, subclinical
110
Hantaviridae previous classification
Bunyaviridae
111
Hantaviridae transmission
Rodent-borne, aerosols from excreta (vacuuming, sweeping, shaking rugs)
112
Sin nombre virus host and disease
Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
113
Bayou virus carrier
Rice rat
114
Black Creek Canal virus carrier
Cotton rat
115
New York-1 virus carrier
White-footed mouse
116
Orthomyxoviridae genome
Segmented genome
117
Proteins distinguishing Influenza A, B, C
Matrix (M), Nucleoprotein (NP)
118
Proteins for Influenza A subdivision
Hemagglutinin (HA), Neuraminidase (NA)
119
Influenza A infections
Humans, Birds, Seals, Cats, Horses, Swine
120
Influenza B and C infections
Humans only
121
Influenza A continuous antigenic changes subtype H1N1
Spanish flu/Swine flu
122
Influenza A subtype H2N2
Asian flu
123
Influenza A subtype H3N2
Hongkong flu
124
Influenza A subtype H5N1
Avian/Bird's flu
125
Influenza A subtype H7N9
Avian flu (poultries) in China
126
Influenza B severity
Common, mild
127
Influenza C severity
Less common, mild form
128
Coinfection with Influenza A
MRSA secondary infection
129
Specimens for Influenza testing
Nasopharyngeal swab, washes, or aspirate
130
Tests for Influenza
Immunoassay, NAAT, Cell culture (PMK, MDCK cell lines)
131
Gold standard for respiratory virus identification
RT-PCR
132
Test for antigenic characterization of Influenza viruses
Hemagglutination-Inhibition test
133
Most common viral respiratory agent in children
RSV
134
Upper respiratory agent in children
Parainfluenza
135
Paramyxoviridae genome
Non-segmented (not prone to antigenic changes)
136
Cause of croup in children
Parainfluenza virus
137
Parainfluenza 1 most common disease
Croup
138
Parainfluenza 3 in children
Severe disease and fatalities
139
Parainfluenza 4 unique feature
Does not cause croup
140
Tests for Paramyxoviridae viruses
NAAT, cell culture confirmed by IFA or DFA
141
Mumps virus hallmark symptoms
High fever, fatigue, inflamed parotid gland
142
Complications of mumps virus
Meningoencephalitis, orchitis, oophoritis, polyarthritis, pancreatitis
143
Specimens for mumps testing
Oral fluid, CSF, saliva, throat swab, urine
144
Measles hallmark feature
Koplik spots
145
Measles rash progression
Forehead > behind ears > trunk > arms > legs
146
Complications of measles
Congenital malformations, encephalomyelitis, SSPE
147
Prevention for measles and mumps
MMR vaccine
148
Picornaviridae size
One of the smallest relevant to humans
149
Enteroviruses diseases
Aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis, encephalitis, myocarditis, pericarditis
150
Specimens for enterovirus testing
Stool, rectal swabs, NPS/OPS, CSF, serum, conjunctival swabs, tears
151
Enteroviruses transmission
Respiratory, fecal-oral
152
Poliovirus complications
Poliomyelitis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)
153
Poliovirus prevention
SALK (inactivated) or SABIN (live-attenuated) vaccines
154
Foot and mouth disease cause
Apthovirus (present in bovines or cattle)
155
Parecho virus former name
Echo virus (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan)
156
Parecho virus diseases
Mild gastrointestinal and respiratory illness, meningitis, neonatal sepsis in children
157
Rhinovirus characteristic
Acid sensitive
158
Rhinovirus disease
Common colds (self-limiting)
159
Specimen for Rhinovirus
Nasal secretions
160
Acidification of sample distinguishes Rhinovirus from
Acid-stable enterovirus
161
Viral gastroenteritis in children causative agents
Norovirus, Sapovirus, Astrovirus, Rotavirus
162
Viral gastroenteritis in adults causative agent
Norovirus
163
Reoviridae characteristics
Respiratory enteric orphan viruses
164
Rotavirus structure
Outer shell, inner shell, core (wheel-like appearance)
165
Rotavirus major disease
Severe infantile gastroenteritis (6 months to 3 years old)
166
Suspected airborne Rotavirus outbreaks
Nursing home, hospital, day care centers
167
Tests for Rotavirus
ELISA, Latex agglutination, RT-PCR
168
Most significant cause of lower respiratory tract infection in children <5 years old
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
169
Hallmark of RSV
F (fusion) protein mediating host cell fusion into syncytial cells
170
RSV associated disease
Bronchiolitis
171
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) diseases
Bronchiolitis, pneumonia in infants, lower respiratory infection in older adults
172
Ranking of HMPV in pediatric hospitalization for LRTIs
2nd or 3rd most common
173
Tests for HMPV
NAAT (gold standard), cell culture, rapid antigen test kits
174
TAX gene association in HTLV-1
Causes T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and myelopathy/tropical spastic paresis
175
Difference between HIV-1 and HIV-2
HIV-1: more aggressive, causes HIV pandemic; HIV-2: mostly in Africa
176
Targets of HIV
CD4+ (CXCR4) T lymphocytes, CCR5+ Monocytes/Macrophages
177
Leading causes of HIV infection (highest to lowest)
MSM > Heterosexual contact > IV drug use > Vertical transmission
178
Common coinfections with HIV
MAC, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Candida, Cryptococcus, Kaposi-sarcoma, etc.
179
Normal CD4 to CD8 ratio
2:1 or 1.5:1
180
CD4 to CD8 ratio in AIDS
< 0.9
181
Stage 1 AIDS criteria
CD4 ≥29%, ≥500 cells/µL, No AIDS-defining condition
182
Stage 2 AIDS criteria
CD4 14-28%, 200-499 cells/µL, No AIDS-defining condition
183
Stage 3 AIDS criteria
CD4 <14%, Observation of AIDS-defining condition with lab confirmation
184
Function of gp160 in HIV
Precursor of envelope glycoprotein
185
Function of gp120 in HIV
Outer envelope glycoprotein
186
Function of gp41 in HIV
Transmembrane envelope glycoprotein
187
Group-specific antigen (Gag gene) p24
Nucleocapsid core protein
188
Polymerase (Pol gene) p51
Reverse transcriptase
189
Polymerase (Pol gene) p32
Integrase
190
HIV Envelope (Env gene)
gp160, gp120, gp41
191
HIV Group-specific antigen (Gag gene)
p24
192
HIV Polymerase (Pol gene)
p51, p32
193
Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus shape under microscope
BULLET-shaped
194
Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus reservoir
Dogs, cats, fox, coyotes, wolves, raccoons, bats, skunk
195
Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus transmission
Saliva (animal bite)
196
Rhabdoviridae Rabies virus rabies symptoms
tingling pain at exposure site, Furious type: Aggression, Dumb type: Lethargy and paralysis
197
Gold standard for Rabies diagnosis
Direct Immunofluorescent Antibody (DFA) technique
198
CDC method for Rabies diagnosis
RT-PCR for human antemortem and animal postmortem (not routinely used)
199
Rabies histological feature
Seller’s stain for NEGRI bodies in CNS biopsy
