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Geol 11 > rocks > Flashcards

rocks Flashcards

1
Q

Marine environment

A

shallow and deep

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2
Q

Transitional/sedimentary environment

A

delta, beach, wave-cut platforms, longshore currents, spit, tombolo

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3
Q

Alluvial environments

A

alluvial fans, bajada

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4
Q

lacustrine environments

A

lake

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5
Q

fluvial environment

A

river, meandering streams, braided streams, drainage patterns

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6
Q

aeolian environment

A

desert (arid), steppe (semiarid), desert pavement, ventifacts, yardanga, dunes

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7
Q
  1. Marine Environment
    a. Shallow
    – continental * (reef environment)
    carbonate content
    * – buildup structures of carbonate secreting organisms
    1. *– reef is attached with an island
    2. *– reef (lagoon/body of water) island
    3. *– circle of coral reef surrounding a lagoon (no island)
A 
shelf 
Coral reefs
Fringing 
Barrier 
Atoll
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8
Q
  1. Marine Environment
    a. *
    – continental shelf (reef environment)
    *carbonate content
    *Coral reefs – buildup * of * secreting organisms
    1. Fringing – reef is * with an *
    2. Barrier – reef — island
    3. Atoll – * of coral reef surrounding a * (no *)
A

Shallow
structures , carbonate

attached, island
(lagoon/body of water)
circle, lagoon
island

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9
Q

b. Deep
- Continental * (sedimentation is low); high relief – sediments tend to go to continental rise/abyssal plain to become * (more on * deposit)
- Continental * (deposit as an effect of submarine landslides); may be cut by submarine canyons; characteristic of Bouma sequence
- Abyssal plains ( ) – *: fine-grained sedimentary rocks rich in silica, volcanic materials from mid-oceanic ridge

A

slope
stable, fine-grained

rise, turbiditic
ocean floor
cherts

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10
Q
  • : streams that flow on complexly-networked shallow depth diverging and converging channel
  • : coarse material (sand and gravel) with a highly variable discharge
  • – response of the drainage system to the type of material and structures (folds, faults, and fractures present in an area)
A

Braided streams
Stream’s load
Drainage patterns

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11
Q

Aeolian Environment
1. * (arid), * (semiarid)
Blowout - Aeolian erosion
* : rainshadow effect (blocks moisture) no precipitation, dry
2. * (due to deflation)
3. *– polished rocks
4. *– elongated; parallel to direction of wind current (abrasion and erosion)

A

desert, steppe
Mountain

Desert pavement
Ventifacts
Yardanga

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12
Q

Deposition:
Dunes: * and * where sand is deposited as wind slows down
* – leeward side; * – stoss side
*migrating towards the direction of the * –> cross beds
Glacial (Glacier}Erosion), plucking *glaciers are melting; abrasion (scratch rocks)
Rocks: Till, stratified drift, moraives

A

mounds, ridges
Deposition, erosion
wind

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13
Q

Deposition:
* : mounds and ridges where sand is deposited as wind slows down
Deposition – * side; erosion – * side
*migrating towards the direction of the wind –> cross beds
Glacial (Glacier}Erosion), plucking *glaciers are melting; abrasion (scratch rocks)
Rocks: Till, stratified drift, moraives

A

Dunes

leeward, stoss

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14
Q
  1. *: shoreline where you don’t have sediments
      • swash (erosion), backswash (deposition)
  3. *– formed from longshore currents (hindi connected sa island) attached to land at upstream
  4. *– sand or gravel bar that connects an island with the mainland or another island
A

Wave-cut platform:
Longshore currents
Spit
Tombolo

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15
Q

Alluvial environments

  1. *: fan-shaped * that accumulate along steep mountain fronts
    • – coalescing *
A

Alluvial fans, deposits

Bajada, alluvial fan

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16
Q
  • environments
    1. Alluvial fans: * deposits that accumulate along steep mountain fronts
    2. Bajada – *alluvial fan
A

Alluvial
fan-shaped
coalescing

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17
Q
  • environments

1. Lake: *body of standing, * (fresh) water

A

Lacustrine

landlocked, non-marine

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18
Q
  • environment (river)
    1. *: river begins
    2. *: river ends
    3. *: down hill
    4. * (small creek or river that runs into a larger one)
    5. * (where two streams meet)
    6. *(empties into lake or ocean; often forms a delta with extensive wetlands)
A 
Fluvial 
River head
River mouth:
River flow
Tributary
Confluence
Mouth
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19
Q

Fluvial environment (*)

  1. River head: river *
  2. River mouth: river *
  3. River flow: down *
  4. Tributary (small * or river that runs into a *one)
  5. Confluence (where two streams *)
  6. Mouth (empties into *or *; often forms a *with extensive wetlands)
A 
river
begins
ends
hill
creek, larger 
meet
lake, ocean
delta
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20
Q

Meandering streams: streams that move in * on deep and smooth channels while carrying most of their *as suspension

  1. Eroded portion: *
  2. Deposition: *
  3. Natural levels: deposited during *stage
  4. Backswamp: *portion of river
  5. Oxbow lake – connected to *
A 
sweeping bends, load 
meanderscar
point bar
flood 
dehydrated 
meandering river
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21
Q
  • : streams that move in sweeping bends on deep and smooth channels while carrying most of their load as *
    1. *: meanderscar
    2. *: point bar
    3. *: deposited during flood stage
    4. *: dehydrated portion of river
    5. * – connected to meandering river
A 
Meandering streams
suspension
Eroded portion
Deposition
Natural levels
Backswamp
Oxbow lake
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22
Q

Braided streams: * that flow on complexly-networked shallow depth *

Stream’s load: coarse *(sand and gravel) with a highly variable discharge

Drainage patterns – response of the * to the type of * (folds, faults, and fractures present in an area)

A

streams, diverging and converging channel
material
drainage system, material and structures

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23
Q

Aeolian Environment
1. desert (), steppe ()
Blowout - Aeolian *
Mountain: * (blocks moisture) no precipitation, dry
2. Desert pavement (due to *)
3. Ventifacts – *rocks
4. Yardanga – elongated; parallel to direction of wind current (abrasion and erosion)

A 
arid, semiarid
erosion
rainshadow effect
deflation
polished
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24
Q

Aeolian Environment

    • (arid), * (semiarid)
      * - Aeolian erosion
      * : rainshadow effect (blocks moisture) no precipitation, dry
    • (due to deflation)
  3. *– polished rocks
  4. *– elongated; parallel to direction of wind current (abrasion and erosion)
A

desert, steppe
Blowout
Mountain

Desert pavement
Ventifacts
Yardanga

25
Q

types of sedimentary environments

differentiated using:

A
  • Marine
  • Transitional
  • Terrestrial
  • Physical
  • Chemical
  • Biological
26
Q

reef environment and high carbon composition

A

• Continental Shelf

27
Q
  • composed of carbonate structures formed by carbonate secreting organisms
A

• Coral Reefs

28
Q

coral reef that is directly attached or borders the shore of an island or continent

A
  1. Fringing Reef
29
Q
  • long narrow coral reef parallel to shore and separated lagoon
A
  1. Barrier Reef
30
Q
  • continuous or broken circle of coral reef
A
  1. Atoll
31
Q

turbiditic deposit formed along the continental rise

A

Bouma Sequence

32
Q

• *
1. Progradation- sediments *towards the sea
2. Retrogradation- sediments * away from the sea
• *
1. Transgression- *migration of sea level
Carbonate, forms * environment, retrogradation
2. Regression- *migration of sea level
Silicon, forms * marine environment, progradation

A

Sediment Movement
advance, retreats

Movement of Sea Level
landward
seaward

shallow, deeper

33
Q 
•	Sediment Movement
1.	*- sediments advance towards the sea
2.	*- sediments retreats away from the sea
•	Movement of Sea Level
1.	*- landward migration of sea level
*, forms shallow environment, *
2.	*- seaward migration of sea level
*, forms deeper marine environment, *
A

Progradation
Retrogradation

Transgression
Regression

Carbonate - retrogradation
Silicon - progradation

34
Q

– prograding depositional bodies that form at the point where river deposits in a lake or sea
- Similar morphology to an alluvial fan but deposition result from sharp * in velocity as a * enters standing water or ocean

A

delta

reduction, stream

35
Q

Kinds of delta

    • (birdfoot delta)- large sediment volume
    • – linear features parallel to * and perpendicular to *(sand bars)
  • *- smoothly arcuate, wave action reworks sediments, much sandier, beach ridges
A

River Dominated
Tide Dominated tidal flow, shore
Wave Dominated

36
Q
  • River Dominated (* delta)- large * volume
  • Tide Dominated – * parallel to tidal flow and perpendicular to shore (*)
  • Wave Dominated- smoothly *, wave action reworks , much sandier, e.g.:
A

birdfoot, sediment
linear features, sand bars
arcuate, sediments
beach ridges

37
Q

accumulation of sediments found along the landward margin of the ocean

A

BEACH

38
Q

– if there is no sedimentation, the rocky surface interactive with waves

A

Wave-cut platform

39
Q

movement of waves at an angle

  • Swash: erosion
  • Backwash: deposition
A

Longshore transport

40
Q

long ridge of sand deposited by longshore current and drift, attached to land at upstream end

A

Spit

41
Q

a sand or gravel bar that connects an island with the mainland or another island

A

Tombolo

42
Q

fan-shaped deposits that accumulate along steep mountain fronts, as mountain stream emerge into relatively flat lowland; a large portion of sediment load is deposited

A

Alluvial fans

43
Q

coalesce alluvial fan

A

Bajada

44
Q

landlocked body of standing, non-marine water

A

Lake

45
Q

*- small creak that runs into a larger one

A

Tributary

46
Q

move in sweeping bends on a deep and smooth channel while carrying most of their load as suspension (snake-like river)

A

Meandering Stream

47
Q

after merging 2 streams in the inner bend, there is an isolation of the bent part and the river will look linear

A

Osbow lake

48
Q
  • flow on complexity networked diverging/converging channels, stream’s load- coarse material (sand and gravel) with a highly variable discharge
A

Braided Stream

49
Q

drainage system of braided stream

A

Drainage pattern

50
Q

Drainage pattern

    • (tree-like)
    • (develops on isolated volcanic cone)
    • (developed on bedrock)
    • (developed on areas of alternating weak and resistant bedrocks)
A

Dendritic
Radial
Rectangular
Trellis

51
Q

Drainage pattern

  • Dendritic (*-like)
  • Radial (develops on isolated *)
  • Rectangular (developed on *)
  • Trellis (developed on areas of alternating *)
A

tree
volcanic cone
bedrock
weak and resistant bedrocks

52
Q

(An area having relatively little precipitation due to the effect of a topographic barrier, especially a mountain range, that causes the prevailing winds to lose their moisture on the windward side, causing the leeward side to be dry)

A
  • Rainshadow effect
53
Q

Aeolian erosion, sediments are transported

A

Blowout

54
Q

formed through deflation

A

Desert pavement

55
Q

polished rock through Aeolian abrasion/wind erosion

A

Ventifacts

56
Q

remaining portion of rock parallel to the wind direction

A

Yardang

57
Q

mounds and ridges where sand is deposited as wind slows down

A

Dunes

58
Q

– migration, towards the direction of the wind

A

Cross bed

59
Q
    • leeward side

* - Stoss side

A

Deposition

erosion

Geol 11 (20 decks)

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