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Geol 11 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Plutons:
Shape:
Orientation

A

Tabular, massive

Discordant, concordant

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2
Q

Tabular:
Massive:
Discordant:
Concordant:

A

Tabular: Stock
Massive: Batholith (>100 square km)
Discordant: Dike
Concordant: Sill, Laccolith

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3
Q

Laccolith vs lopolith

A

Mushroom-like roof – laccolith

Upo: lopolith

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4
Q

Mechanical (breaking):

Chemical:

A

Sediments

Dissolved ions

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5
Q

Agents of weathering

A

Water, wind, ice

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6
Q

Mechanical Weathering Types

A 
Frost wedging – freezing and thawing of ice
Salt crytal growth 
Dessication cracks
Sheeting/unloading
Biological activity
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7
Q

Chemical weathering types

A

Dissolution,

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8
Q

Chemical weathering stability series

A

Goldich Stability series (inverted Bowen’s reaction series)

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9
Q

Rates of weathering
Climate & Relief
Arid and high relief
Humid and low relief

A

Arid: less chemical weathering, more physical weathering
Humid: enhanced chemical weathering

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10
Q

Layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering

A

Regolith

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11
Q

Combination of decomposed and disintegrated rock (mineral matter) ) and organic matter (humus), water, and air, portion of regolith that supports plant life

A

Soil

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12
Q

Controls of soil formation

A

Climate and topography (slope)
Parent material and biological factors (plants, animals)
time

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13
Q

Soil O,A,E,B,C,R

A 
Organic matter
A –mineral + some humus
E-luvation/leaching
B- accumulation of different materials
C – partially altered parent material
R – bed rock – unweathered parent material
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14
Q

Top soil, subsoil, regolith, true soil

A

Top soil: O and A
Subsoil: O – B
Regolith : R na may unting C
True soil: Subsoil

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15
Q

Incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent such as gravity, wind, water, ice or fauna

A

Erosion

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16
Q

Maximum sediment grain size an agent of erosion can transport

A

Competence

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17
Q

Maximum load of sediments of an agent of erosion

A

capacity

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18
Q

process where sediments, soil, and rocks are added to a land mass such as when
• When *and * slows down and as glacial ice melts
• When chemical/temperature changes causes *
• When decayed * piles up

A

Deposition
wind, water currents
precipitation
organic material

19
Q

Deposition

  1. Wind and water currents; melting glacier
  2. chemical/ temperature changes
  3. undecayed organic materials pile up
A
  1. solids

2. dissolved materials

20
Q

Sum of physical and chemical processes by which sediments are lithified into sedimentary rocks

A

Diagenesis (formation of sedimentary rock)

21
Q

Burial by succeeding sedimentation/

compacting sediments together

A

Compaction

22
Q

Precipitation of the cement (‘glue”) around dusts from pore waters (gluing sediments to form sedimentary rocks)

A

Cementation

23
Q

Unstable crystals to more stable counterparts

A

Recrystallization

24
Q

Dissolution of unstable to be replaced by a more stable mineral

A

Replacement

25
Q

post-diagenesis, Burrowing animals that leave marks

A

Bisturbation

26
Q 
physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface.
products:
A

• Weathering

sediments, dissolved ions

27
Q

structures that result from emplacement of igneous materials at depth.

A

plutons

28
Q

massive, >100 sq. km in outcrop area, and granitic. It is the largest intrusive igneous bodies

A

batoliths

29
Q

smaller than batholiths and granitic

A

stock

30
Q

Discordant, cuts across bedding surfaces in the host rock

A

dikes

31
Q

nearly horizontal, concordant bodies

A

sill

32
Q
  • concordant pluton with dome or mushroom-like roof and planar base, injected between sedimentary strata
A

Laccolith

33
Q

igneous intrusion associated with a structural basin, with contacts that are parallel to the bedding of the enclosing rocks.

A

Lopolith

34
Q

TYPES OF WEATHERING

A
  • Mecanical

* Chemical

35
Q

AGENTS OF WEATHERING

A
  • Wind
  • Water
  • Ice
36
Q

process in which big rocks are broken increasingly into smaller pieces.

A

Mechanical Weathering-

37
Q

Types of mechanical weathering
• *- freezing and thawing of ice
• *- evaporation of saline water leaving salt
• *- thermal expansion/contraction of water normally due to alternating dry and wet season.
• *- exfoliation, joints( linear but indicates movement)
• *

A 
Frost wedging
Salt Crystal Growth
Dessication Cracks
Sheeting/Unloading
Biological Activity
38
Q
  • Frost wedging- * and * of ice
  • Salt Crystal Growth- *of saline water leaving *
  • Dessication Cracks- thermal * of water normally due to *dry and wet season.
  • Sheeting/Unloading- *, joints( *but indicates movement)
  • Biological Activity
A

freezing , thawing
evaporation, salt
expansion/contraction, alternating
exfoliation, linear

39
Q 
*- breaks down * and internal structure of minerals producing more *constituents.
•	Hydration
•	*
•	Reduction
•	*
A

Chemical Weathering, rocks component, stable
Oxidation
Dissolution

40
Q 
Chemical Weathering- breaks down rocks component and * of *producing more stable constituents.
•	*
•	Oxidation
•	*
•	Dissolution
A

internal structure, minerals
Hydration
Reduction

41
Q

RATES OF WEATHERING

  • : joints and fractures
  • : Goldich Stability Series
A

Structure

Composition

42
Q

RATES OF WEATHERING
Structure: *
Composition:*

A

joints and fractures

Goldich Stability Series

43
Q

Process in seawater
• Dissolved and suspended load- *and *on the shallow parts
• *- jumping of sediments
• *- sediments are dragged to the surface

A

dissolution, suspension
Saltation
Traction

44
Q

Process
• *- dissolution and suspension on the shallow parts
• Saltation- *of sediments
• Traction- sediments are *to the *

A

Dissolved and suspended load
jumping
dragged, surface

Geol 11 (20 decks)

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