Lecture 6

Question 1

Plutons:
Shape:
Orientation

Answer 1

Tabular, massive

Discordant, concordant

Question 2

Tabular:
Massive:
Discordant:
Concordant:

Answer 2

Tabular: Stock
Massive: Batholith (>100 square km)
Discordant: Dike
Concordant: Sill, Laccolith

Question 3

Laccolith vs lopolith

Answer 3

Mushroom-like roof – laccolith

Upo: lopolith

Question 4

Mechanical (breaking):

Chemical:

Answer 4

Sediments

Dissolved ions

Question 5

Agents of weathering

Answer 5

Water, wind, ice

Question 6

Mechanical Weathering Types

Answer 6

Frost wedging – freezing and thawing of ice
Salt crytal growth 
Dessication cracks
Sheeting/unloading
Biological activity

Question 7

Chemical weathering types

Answer 7

Dissolution,

Question 8

Chemical weathering stability series

Answer 8

Goldich Stability series (inverted Bowen’s reaction series)

Question 9

Rates of weathering
Climate & Relief
Arid and high relief
Humid and low relief

Answer 9

Arid: less chemical weathering, more physical weathering
Humid: enhanced chemical weathering

Question 10

Layer of rock and mineral fragments produced by weathering

Answer 10

Regolith

Question 11

Combination of decomposed and disintegrated rock (mineral matter) ) and organic matter (humus), water, and air, portion of regolith that supports plant life

Answer 11

Soil

Question 12

Controls of soil formation

Answer 12

Climate and topography (slope)
Parent material and biological factors (plants, animals)
time

Question 13

Soil O,A,E,B,C,R

Answer 13

Organic matter
A –mineral + some humus
E-luvation/leaching
B- accumulation of different materials
C – partially altered parent material
R – bed rock – unweathered parent material

Question 14

Top soil, subsoil, regolith, true soil

Answer 14

Top soil: O and A
Subsoil: O – B
Regolith : R na may unting C
True soil: Subsoil

Question 15

Incorporation and transportation of material by a mobile agent such as gravity, wind, water, ice or fauna

Answer 15

Erosion

Question 16

Maximum sediment grain size an agent of erosion can transport

Answer 16

Competence

Question 17

Maximum load of sediments of an agent of erosion

Answer 17

capacity

Question 18

process where sediments, soil, and rocks are added to a land mass such as when
• When *and * slows down and as glacial ice melts
• When chemical/temperature changes causes *
• When decayed * piles up

Answer 18

Deposition
wind, water currents
precipitation
organic material

Question 19

Deposition

1. Wind and water currents; melting glacier
2. chemical/ temperature changes
3. undecayed organic materials pile up

Answer 19

1. solids

2. dissolved materials

Question 20

Sum of physical and chemical processes by which sediments are lithified into sedimentary rocks

Answer 20

Diagenesis (formation of sedimentary rock)

Question 21

Burial by succeeding sedimentation/

compacting sediments together

Answer 21

Compaction

Question 22

Precipitation of the cement (‘glue”) around dusts from pore waters (gluing sediments to form sedimentary rocks)

Answer 22

Cementation

Question 23

Unstable crystals to more stable counterparts

Answer 23

Recrystallization

Question 24

Dissolution of unstable to be replaced by a more stable mineral

Answer 24

Replacement

Question 25

post-diagenesis, Burrowing animals that leave marks

Answer 25

Bisturbation

Question 26

``` physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks at or near the Earth’s surface. products: ```

Answer 26

• Weathering | sediments, dissolved ions

Question 27

structures that result from emplacement of igneous materials at depth.

Answer 27

plutons

Question 28

massive, >100 sq. km in outcrop area, and granitic. It is the largest intrusive igneous bodies

Answer 28

batoliths

Question 29

smaller than batholiths and granitic

Answer 29

stock

Question 30

Discordant, cuts across bedding surfaces in the host rock

Answer 30

dikes

Question 31

nearly horizontal, concordant bodies

Answer 31

sill

Question 32

- concordant pluton with dome or mushroom-like roof and planar base, injected between sedimentary strata

Answer 32

Laccolith

Question 33

igneous intrusion associated with a structural basin, with contacts that are parallel to the bedding of the enclosing rocks.

Answer 33

Lopolith

Question 34

TYPES OF WEATHERING

Answer 34

* Mecanical | * Chemical

Question 35

AGENTS OF WEATHERING

Answer 35

* Wind * Water * Ice

Question 36

process in which big rocks are broken increasingly into smaller pieces.

Answer 36

Mechanical Weathering-

Question 37

Types of mechanical weathering • *- freezing and thawing of ice • *- evaporation of saline water leaving salt • *- thermal expansion/contraction of water normally due to alternating dry and wet season. • *- exfoliation, joints( linear but indicates movement) • *

Answer 37

``` Frost wedging Salt Crystal Growth Dessication Cracks Sheeting/Unloading Biological Activity ```

Question 38

* Frost wedging- * and * of ice * Salt Crystal Growth- *of saline water leaving * * Dessication Cracks- thermal * of water normally due to *dry and wet season. * Sheeting/Unloading- *, joints( *but indicates movement) * Biological Activity

Answer 38

freezing , thawing evaporation, salt expansion/contraction, alternating exfoliation, linear

Question 39

``` *- breaks down * and internal structure of minerals producing more *constituents. • Hydration • * • Reduction • * ```

Answer 39

Chemical Weathering, rocks component, stable Oxidation Dissolution

Question 40

``` Chemical Weathering- breaks down rocks component and * of *producing more stable constituents. • * • Oxidation • * • Dissolution ```

Answer 40

internal structure, minerals Hydration Reduction

Question 41

RATES OF WEATHERING * : joints and fractures * : Goldich Stability Series

Answer 41

Structure | Composition

Question 42

RATES OF WEATHERING Structure: * Composition:*

Answer 42

joints and fractures | Goldich Stability Series

Question 43

Process in seawater • Dissolved and suspended load- *and *on the shallow parts • *- jumping of sediments • *- sediments are dragged to the surface

Answer 43

dissolution, suspension Saltation Traction

Question 44

Process • *- dissolution and suspension on the shallow parts • Saltation- *of sediments • Traction- sediments are *to the *

Answer 44

Dissolved and suspended load jumping dragged, surface