Rocks Science

Question 1

what is a mineral

Answer 1

the compounds in rocks

Question 2

what is a grain

Answer 2

made by one or more chemicals forming a rock

Question 3

what values do rocks with interlocking grains with no gaps give

Answer 3

Hard, do not wear away easily, not porous, and not permeable.

Question 4

what values do rocks with rounded grains with gaps give

Answer 4

Weaker than interlocking rocks, wear away easily, absorb water, and are usually permeable.

Question 5

define porous

Answer 5

Rocks that have tiny holes or spaces that can hold water or air.

Question 6

define permeable

Answer 6

Rocks that allow water or other liquids to pass through.

Question 7

name the layers of the earth from outer to inner and there state

Answer 7

Crust – solid

Mantle – slowly flowing solid

Outer Core – Liquid

Inner Core – Solid

Question 8

what are the two types of igneous rocks and how are they formed (and what they form)

Answer 8

Intrusive igneous rocks are formed by magma cooling slowly underground, making large crystals.

Extrusive igneous rocks are formed by lava cooling quickly on the surface, making small crystals.

Question 9

what is the difference between lava and magma

Answer 9

Magma – Hot, molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface.
Lava – Magma that has reached the Earth’s surface.

Question 10

using the particle model explain why speed of cooling affects crystal sizes in Igneous rocks

Answer 10

because when magma cools slowly, particles have more time to arrange into larger crystals. When it cools quickly, particles form smaller crystals since they don’t have much time to arrange.

Question 11

how are metamorphic rocks formed and what forms with it

Answer 11

Metamorphic rocks form from existing rocks heating and pressuring it, causing mineral changes (without melting). They are made of interlocking crystals, sometimes forming coloured bands.

Question 12

finish the equation:
acid + metal carbonate…

Answer 12

acid + metal carbonate➜ Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Question 13

finish the equation:
…Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Answer 13

acid + metal carbonate ➜ Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Question 14

define chemical weathering and give an example

Answer 14

rocks are broken by chemical reactions, changing the rock’s minerals.

for example Acid rain dissolving limestone

Question 15

define biological weathering and give an example

Answer 15

rocks are broken by organisms

For example, tree roots grow into cracks and break rock.

Question 16

define physical weathering and give an example

Answer 16

Rocks are broken by physical forces without changing minerals.

For example freeze-thaw: Water freezes, expands, and cracks rock.

Question 17

how does a tree break down rocks

Answer 17

Tree roots grow into cracks in rocks. As the roots grow bigger, they force the cracks wider, eventually breaking the rock apart.

Question 18

how does a rock expand and contracting break the rock

Answer 18

Rocks expand when hot and contract when cold, causing cracks to form and the rock to break apart over time.

Question 19

what is freeze thaw weathering

Answer 19

Water fills cracks in rocks. the water freezes expanding, When the temperature drops, pressuring the rock. Repetition causes rocks to break.

Question 20

define erosion

Answer 20

The wearing away and movement of rocks and soil by natural forces like water, wind, or ice.

Question 21

define abrasion

Answer 21

Rocks and particles scrape against surfaces, wearing them down.

Question 22

define sediments

Answer 22

Small particles of rock, mineral, or organic material deposited by wind, water, or ice.

Question 23

how do rock sediments wear away in a river

Answer 23

As the water flows, rocks and particles collide, grinding down their surfaces and breaking them into smaller pieces.

Question 24

how do rocks in a glacier wear away

Answer 24

Rocks in a glacier wear away. As the glacier moves, abrasion occurs, pulling loose rocks from the bed (plucking), gradually wearing them down.

Question 25

define compaction

Answer 25

Process where layers of sediment are pressed together by weight, reducing space between particles.

Question 26

define cementation

Answer 26

Process where minerals stick sediments together to form a rock.

Question 27

describe the formation of sedimentary rocks

Answer 27

Sedimentary rocks form from layers of sediment that are compacted and cemented over time.

Question 28

how are fossils formed

Answer 28

Fossils form when plants or animals are buried by sediment, then minerals replace their remains over time.

Question 29

how do sedimentary rocks turn into igneous rocks

Answer 29

when they are melting into magma due to high heat. The magma then cools and solidifies, forming new igneous rock.

Question 30

how do sedimentary rocks turn into metamorphic rocks

Answer 30

when they are exposed to high heat and pressure over time, causing their minerals to change without melting.

Question 31

how do igneous rocks turn into metamorphic rocks

Answer 31

when they are exposed to high heat and pressure deep within the Earth, causing their minerals to change without melting.

Question 32

how do igneous rocks turn into sedimentary rocks

Answer 32

through weathering and erosion, breaking down the rock into sediments. These sediments are then deposited and compacted over time, eventually forming sedimentary rock.

Question 33

how do metamorphic rocks turn into sedimentary rocks

Answer 33

through weathering and erosion, which break them down into sediments. These sediments are then deposited, compacted, and cemented over time to form sedimentary rock.

Question 34

how do metamorphic rocks turn into igneous rocks

Answer 34

when they are subjected to high heat causing them to melt into magma. When the magma cools and solidifies, it forms new igneous rock.

Question 35

what is the scientific method for confirming a hypothesis

Answer 35

question hypothesis prediction experiment data data match prediction: hypothesis looks correct data no match prediction: new hypothesis

Question 36

how is the scientific method used by geologists

Answer 36

They collect information from rocks, minerals, and landforms, then test their ideas with experiments or fieldwork to make conclusions.

Question 37

explain how evidence could disprove a theory

Answer 37

If new data or results don't match what the theory says will happen, the theory might be changed or thrown out.

Question 38

define an ore

Answer 38

A rock containing enough of a metal or a metal compound to be worth mining

Question 39

how are ores obtained

Answer 39

mining obtains the ore then crushing, Obtains the minerals containing the metal and then the pure metal's obtained by chemical reactions

Question 39

name 3 ways mining affects the environment

Answer 39

-destroying habitats -causes pollution -uses lots of energy and resources

Question 40

name 3 advantages of recycling metals

Answer 40

-Allows supplies of metal to last longer -Reduces pollution from landfill sites -Often needs less energy than obtaining the metal from an ore

Question 41

what are grains in rocks also known as

Answer 41

crystals

Question 42

Define Onion skin weathering and what type it is

Answer 42

Onion skin weathering is when outer rock layers peel off due to repeated heating and cooling. It is a type of physical weathering.